Machiavelli: Personal and Political Implications Essay -- Michiavelli

Machiavelli Personal and Political ImplicationsAnd since it is Fortune that does everything, it is she who wishes us to leave her alone, to be quiet and non give her trouble, and wait until she allows us to act over again then you will do well to strive harder, to observe things to a greater extent closely.... (67)* Letter to Francesco Vettori in Rome December 10, 1513. Machiavelli is praised for the political implications of his writing in The Prince. However, many do not see the personal implications of Machiavellis work, because the motivations for action be spoken in terms of political domination and the acquisition of power. in that location are underlying principles that speak of domination not only of cities and nations, hardly the domination of the opportunities placed before each individual. The Prince can be drive in a different manner as a manual for daily life and the maximization of opportunity. The mere notion that Machiavelli, a power servant to a Republican go vernment who praises the role of principality, exemplifies his belief that stroke can be a blessing that has not been considered or planned. In The Prince, Machiavelli devotes special attention to the lives of Cesare Borgia and Pope Julius II men who turned even so the almost trying circumstances into an opportunity to advance. With careful analysis of The Prince, from the prospect of personal actions, certain fundamental principles for living are revealed by Machiavelli. The most prominent theme which Machiavelli introduces, and it is the basis upon which he praises Pope Julius II and Cesare Borgia, is to ca-ca opportunity where none seems apparent. The first step to achieving the greatness of Borgia and Pope Julius II is to utilize foresight. Princes, according to Mac... ... the political and into the world of the frequent man, whose virtuous lives put on the path of the prince a much smoother one. Moreover, men who appear common can reach the inner sanctum of glory by uti lizing the disused instinctive natures given to them. This idea is supported by the authors own self-perception as a commoner who transforms himself nightly by putting on clip robes and entering his study (10). While Machiavelli restricts himself to the praise of princes through his writing, he opens the threshold to making each persons life meaningful through a good for you(p) perspective of trials and the encouragement to be brave against anything that Fortune may bring. For not all men can prepare to conquer the world, but no one need be deprived of the ability to conquer opportunity. industrial plant CitedMachiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Arlington Heights Harlan Davidson, 1947

Essay --

Dark Ro firearmticism in The Ministers Black Veil knightly writing is related to a style of fiction that deals with the mysterious or grotesque Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil is classified as a dark sen fourth dimensionntalist work because it contains the themes of sin, guilt, and looking at the darker side of merciful life. He had trouble from his early life, his dreary adulthood, and his fascinations with common man. His early and more unsuccessful work is from his silent and productive years.Hawthorne is a dark romantic because of his early life, dismal adulthood. He grew up without a father, when he was quadruplet his father died, leaving his mother and two sisters (Pearson 1). Pearson said the woods helped teen Hawthorne heal, when he was young he was considered to be delicate, and Hawthorne became a heady child injuring himself leaving him laid up for almost a year (1). While he was healing he developed a vehement love for reading (1). When he was old eno ugh he added a W to his name to escape his ancestors background because his great-great-grandfather was a judge at the Salem Witch Trials, and he was the only man to not apologize for sentencing innocent people to their deaths (Allen 454). I take confuse upon myself for their sakes and pray that any curse incurred by themmay now and henceforth removed (454). Hawthorne was also fascinated by common man because he saw himself different from them, and he avoided failures daily (Bloom 33). Hawthorne didnt waste his time chatting with people especially people who he thought of as fools (33). Hawthornes methods were to love and pity mankind more than he mocked them, he never created a character which didnt possess a soul other method was to write with a noble respect for his own... ...regarding the request from the modern minister and his wife as he took his last breath his embryonic membrane stirred a bit, a piece of cloth separated him from the lay of the world it had taken away friendship with his congregation and his relationship with his wife. It colonised upon his face, as if to deepen the gloom of his darksome chamber, and shade him from the sunshine of eternity (3). These points secernate Hawthorne as a dark romantic because he had a sorry childhood and a stressful adulthood, and his obsession with common people. The years by and by college his silent and productive years were when Hawthorne became a transcendentalist and he started to write in the style of a dark romantic. His themes of sin, guilt, personal choices, and how individuals deal with the consequences on their decisions play many vital roles in his story helping classify him as a dark romantic.

The Difference Between Ancient China and Egypt

past chinaware and Egypt By Jessica Isham Ancient Egypt and Ancient china were 2 of the biggest civilizations thousands of old age ago. Both left its impact on history, they had many similar beliefs, and antithetical ways of life. They had different rulers, religions, languages and forms of money. Both civilizations have different rulers. China is govern by emperors and empires, and Egypt their tidy sum by pharos. In Egypt their masses didnt be as long so they had a lot more pharos. Chinas on the other hand, lived a lot longer. So, therefore Chinese emperors and empires were around longer.The religion of ancient Egypt was polytheistic and centered on the idol of the ruler and the eternity of the soul. The Chinese were polytheistic with the addition of ancestor worship. everywhere time, these beliefs were sometimes blended with Taoism, Buddhism or Confucianism. They both besides had different beliefs. Egypt believed when people passes, if they were preserved than they might have an afterlife. The Egyptians would enjoin the dead mummified people in solid gold coffins and filled the burial room with bizarre treasures. China believed in the burial method as well.They would bury the Chinese people in the ground and pour water on them, then put them in a hanging coffin. The Chinese also believed in cremation, were they ignite the body into ashes. The ancient Egyptians believed that most non-physical ailments were caused by spells and curses. Overall treatments included amulets, potions and mathematical operation depending on what was wrong. Chinese medicine was based on the idea of the residue of the energies yin and yang. Illness was the result of an imbalance and was treated with herbs, acupuncture and exercises.The Chinese were in general ahead of the rest of their time period. They used cowrie shells and metal beans for money. They also had paper money and coins. The Egyptians traded goods and services. The two civilizations created their own lang uages. Egypt had hieroglyphs that were dated from 3400 BC. Hieroglyphs are a formal writing trunk that contained a combination of logographic and a alphabetic elements. China had a language called Manyogana. Manyogana is an ancient writing system that employs Chinese characters to represent the Japanese language.

Marketing Mix Apple Essay

In the economy, the trade has an important position which decides almost the succeeder of the company or the brand. Most of well-known brands in the world alike start out a good merchandise plan orchard apple tree is the trump out example for having excellent marketing strategies. In this essay, the marketing mix scheme of apple will be discussed to understand how apple feigns their high rank in more details.The frontmost thing to take account into marketing mix strategy is the proceeds. As already known, apple is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sell consumer electronics, computer sofware, and personal computers. orchard apple tree provides the node a wide range of product that covers more country of technology. For instance, the most special invention of Apple is Apple Macintosh, they capture many kinds of Mac with many different size and options of configuration. Moreover, IPod was known as the first mp3 player of the world. It is non only the mp3 player but likewise the attribute of music fashion.Until now, IPod still affects gradually to market of mp3 players. In addition, in the lastly five years, Apple has created new-brand market for smartphone with their special product IPHONE. From IPhone 2G, 3G, 3Gs, 4G, 4Gs to 5G, IPhone always make a big wave to the technology world. That proves products of Apple always have strong range to the technological market. What is more, an opposite invention of Apple that also makes a new move of technology is IPAD. It leads for a new nose candy of digs. Now IPad whitethorn be known as the best tablet in many customers s mind. Beside that, Apple gives their customer many other products such as iTunes, accessories, and service.Second, toll also is important part of marketing mix strategy. The price of all products of Apple is now low compared to their contenders products price but there is a reason for this issue. Apple is the premium brand that does not compete on price. They whitethorn dominate the market even though their price may be quite high in some countries. Generally, Apple is high that their products is union between technology and liberal arts so they not just sell products, they sell art. IPhone, Ipad, and IPod also are symbol of fashion. In conclusion, the price of Apples product is made for their customers value.The next is place. Apples headquater is located at Infinite Loop, Curpetino, California. They have over 200 retails around the world. Major cities have at to the lowest degree three big stores, more important, the customer not only corrupt products but only can test them, receive supported imformation, and they may not buy products if they do not want. This is the key of success of Apple to satisfy their customer.Finally, promotion create difference of Apples marketing mix strategy. Apple just use launching new product to promote their products with their great ability of pre sentation of Apple CEO Steve Jobs. Moreover, Apple does not join CES exhibition or any advertising. In addition, Apple made a big unchangeable symbol in customer, therefore, the customer always compare their product to their competitorss prodcuts. It is indirect to promote for Apple. Beside that, the online Apple store offers free ship for the orders over $50, iTunes gift card, and special tax write-off for refunished products.In conclusion, marketing mix strategy creates the brand of Apple. There is a wide range of product such as Iphone, Ipad, Ipod, and Mac with suiable price for their prenium brand. They have big network of great retail and unique promotion. fiberwww.wikipedia.comwww.marketingteacher.com

Human Physical Appearance Essay

The displays of people is uniform their cover, that? s why it? s so important, because it? s what hind end be seen, the first thing you n one and only(a) in a soul, and like it or not, it tells a lot. It? s like a book, most of the time it? s judged by it? s front page, the by rights thing would be to read the review where you after part know the lucubrate of it? s content, but what do you notice first? That why I compargon the homosexual appearance with a book, and I affirm that you do-nothing? t know a person only by the trend they look, because it? s not always what it seems, wearing designers clothes not of necessity shows your economic status and you arsehole? t know a person only by their physical appearance, because this lot be modified by a very important factor, self-esteem According to the Pequeno Larousse Ilustrado (1976), Appearance is the out of doors look of a person or thing. In both(prenominal) other words is peoples physics, but on that point are situations in which the person can be criticized by this, particularly during the teenage, that are the years of physical and mental development, but the physical part is commonly judged.Are we really assured of what we say about other people? , I? m not saying it? s wrong, because the physical appearance is important, but is it all?. The appearance are not always what they look like, and even more(prenominal) in the teenage, the psychiatrist Felix Loracca says that we are modeling are personality in section of what others expect from us. For example, psychologists say that women tend to want to be accepted, not so much for their personality but for them to feel prettier.Young men front a similar case, now that they pay a lot of perplexity to their physical appearance, without neglecting their clothes, their hair, etc. The way each and every one of the teenagers exert their personal care for their appearance flips from one to another, but basically the learn is the sa id(prenominal) one, try to look good. Teenagers not only modification their clothes, but their response, their expressions, their vocabulary and recreative activities.The way they dress and the physical appearance ferment very important, it can be a way to express solidarity with their friends, or as a way to declare their growing independence from their families. another(prenominal) important aspect to consider is that clothing not necessarily proves your efficient status, and this is more discussable nowadays, because material things gullt tell who you really are, a good example of this is Mahatma Gandhi, who despite of everything he testifyed economically speaking, acted like the most humble person in the world.People use to go for others clothing. Physical appearance influence, but is not clincher when we meet someone, and you cant determine their economy, or their education by this, because everybody can aim every kind of clothes or material objects without mattering the cost of these, there is who say fashion, what suits you and people can dress according with what they feel leisurely with without caring what other people think about them.Elton Mayo says that human relationships are majorly based in ties that exist between the members of society, thanks to communication, that can have many ways principally visual, linguistically, affective and by specially created languages for the development of complex societies, thats why he affirms that there is some importance in the physical appearance. One of the human needs is to touch on with other living creatures, like Maslow shows in his hierarchical pyramid, in the linkup is the friendship, or the creation of relations with other people.But in any moment he affirms the importance of the physical appearance. The changes in how we look to others are related with our self-esteem and not to our auto-perception, thats why any change in our physical appearance can affect our present ME status, if we dont have the ability to accept and adapt to these changes, in the same way this affects directly in our emotional status.In conclusion, physical appearances are an important part of people presence, but they are not determinant in the way to judge them, for what we saw previously. They exist an infinity of questions that we can make as thinking beings, that we lead us to much more questions, but it all ends in ourselves, the answer is in each one of us, you decide what to base in, how to act with others and how you want them to see you, but without losing your own personality.

“Murder in the Cathedral” by T. S. Eliot Essay

Murder in the Cathedral is a verse gaming by T. S. Eliot that portrays the assassination of Archbishop doubting Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170, beginning performed in 1935. Eliot drew heavily on the writing of Edward Grim, a clerk who was an eyewitness to the event. The play, dealing with an individuals opposition to authority, was written at the time of rising Fascism in Central Europe, and can be taken as a protest to individuals in affected countries to oppose the Nazi regimes subversion of the ideals of the Christian Church.1 Some material that the producer asked Eliot to remove or replace during the writing was transformed into the poem fire Norton.2The action occurs between December 2 and December 29, 1170, chronicling the days wind up to the martyrdom of Thomas Becket following his absence of seven old age in France. Beckets internal struggle is the main focus of the play. The concord is divided into two parts. Part one takes place in the Archbishop Tho mas Beckets hall on December 2, 1170. The play begins with a let out singing, foreshadowing the coming violence. The Chorus is a key part of the drama, with its phonate changing and developing during the play, offering comments about the action and providing a yoke between the audience and the characters and action, as in Greek drama.Three priests be present, and they reflect on the absence of Becket and the rise of temporal power. A omen announces Beckets arrival. Becket is immediately reflective about his coming martyrdom, which he embraces, and which is mute to be a sign of his own selfishnesshis fatal weakness. The tempters arrive, three of whom correspond the Temptations of Christ. The first tempter offers the prospect of physical safety.Take a friends advice. Leave well alone,Or your goose may be cooked and eaten to the bone.The heartbeat offers power, riches and fame in serving the King.To set down the great, protect the poor, downstairs the throne of God can man do more?The ternary tempter suggests a coalition with the barons and a chance to resist the King.For us, Church opt would be an advantage,Blessing of Pope powerful protectionIn the shake up for liberty. You, my Lord,In being with us, would fight a good strokeFinally, a fourth tempter urges him to undertake the glory of martyrdom. You hold the keys of heaven and hell.Power to prevail and loose bind, Thomas, bind,King and bishop under your heel.King, emperor, bishop, baron, kingBecket responds to all of the tempters and specifically addresses the degenerate suggestions of the fourth tempter at the end of the first act Now is my port clear, now is the meaning plainTemptation shall not come in this kind again.The last temptation is the greatest treasonTo do the rectify deed for the wrong reason.The Interlude of the play is a disquisition devoted by Becket on Christmas morning 1170. It is about the strange contradiction that Christmas is a day both of mourning and rejoicing, whi ch Christians also do for martyrs. He announces at the end of his sermon, it is possible that in a short time you may have yet another martyr. We see in the sermon something of Beckets ultimate peace of mind, as he elects not to seek sainthood, but to accept his death as inevitable and part of a better whole. Part II of the play takes place in the Archbishops Hall and in the Cathedral, December 29, 1170. Four knights arrive with Urgent task from the king. These knights had heard the king speak of his frustration with Becket, and had interpreted this as an launch to kill Becket. They accuse him of betrayal, and he claims to be loyal.He tells them to accuse him in public, and they make to attack him, but priests intervene. The priests insist that he leave and protect himself, but he refuses. The knights leave and Becket again says he is ready to die. The refrain sings that they knew this conflict was coming, that it had long been in the fabric of their lives, both temporal and spir itual. The chorus again reflects on the coming devastation. Thomas is taken to the Cathedral, where the knights break in and kill him. The chorus laments Clean the air Clean the sky, and The estate is foul, the water is foul, our beasts and ourselves defiled with blood. At the close of the play, the knights step up, address the audience, and symbolise their actions. The murder was all right and for the best it was in the right spirit, sober, and confirm so that the churchs power would not undermine stableness and state power.

Nursing Image

Common perspective sees nurses as secondary affair in the medical examination examination word environment. However, the public is oft generation una strugglegon of the significance of the duty toward daily activities of the medical agreement. Recent articles and researches revealed increase roles of nurses.An article by Patricia Foster and J.M Whitworth, for example, revealed the importance of nursing profession in telemedicine and contend for child abuse. Advances of communication technology fork over created a system that enables trained nurses to play a meaning(a) role in the mental investigation of abused children (Foster & Whitworth, 2005).Another study suggested that nurses are as well playing a authoritative part in the issue of medical nullify. The International Council for Nurses has agreed to socialize a new standard that em foolhardyen nursing organization to educate nurses in terms of medical waste awareness (Medical Waste, 2005).Despite being seen as s econdary role, the profession is still positively valued by near about aspects of the society. General reckon of a nurse is still largely positive as seen in several popular Hollywood motion pictures. As movies is in fact, the speedy way to determine a societys perspective toward a certain character or profession, it is reasonable to use popular movies in order to assess the certify characterization of nurses and their roles in common medical treatment process. Within this short elaboration, we will assess the image and roles of nurses, from the movie, bead Harbor.II. AssessmentWithin the movie, Pearl Harbor, the nurses are seen as virtuoso of the mail roles. Their presence is shown from the beginning of the movie, but their active roles are presented in a special particle of the movie, showing dramatic scenes. The movie displays that the nurse profession requires professionalism and intelligence as well as mental strength in certain times and conditions. on that point were times that the nurses need to perform temporary treatment method in order to cope with the suppressing conditions. As shown in the motion picture, adaptation and creativity to case unexpected circumstances are necessary to provide the best care for perseverings. Sometimes, they work together with non-medical personnel department because the lack of sufficient number of getable nurses.Within the special segment of the movie, the nurses are shown to assume control of the situation. This is logical due to the emergence of the essence that took place. However, they kept their places under orders from the gets, to preserve medical order and good coordination amid the medical personnel. The doctors are shown to have more authority and do most of the talking. Nevertheless there are circumstances where young and in bringd doctor require experienced nurses to guide and hold in them. In the absence of available doctors, the nurses are shown to opt charge of the medical treatment pr ocess.Nurses are shown to be in various age in the movie. However, there is no significant scene that presents the image of nurses are men. Most (or all) of the nurse characters are female. There is a strong image that nurses are comm however female, single and physically attractive. This image is shown in the beginning of the movie. However, feminist should not be alarmed, because as the movie proceed to the dramatic scenes, the nurses are shown to be women of character that repair the value of divine service homoism and passionate to provide service toward others.I have too captured the difference of values between nurses and other profession at heart the movie. Soldiers are shown to be a lot more aggressive, dominant and sloppy compare to nurses. These images are perchance reasonable because their profession demands them to be bold and somewhat careless. The nurses on the other hand, are shown to be careful, organized, highly stable, non-violence human beings that dedicate their lives to the care of others, instead of creating any form of harm. The profession of nurses could be identified with intelligent and confident characters, but hardly ever ambitious.The nurses in this motion picture are shown to help manage the medical treatment process. Some nurses are shown to be capable, despite their lack of experience in handling such circumstances. Some others crack under pressure, which is -under the circumstances-, understandable. The nurses are shown to support each other medically as well as mentally. In one of the scenes, the movie even displayed that a nurse is trusted by the head doctor to choose between those salvageable and those cannot be saved. I am not sure about the possibility of this event to cut place in real life, but the scene does display the significant role of nurses in medical emergency.ReferenceFoster, Patricia., & Whitworth, J M. (2005). The constituent of Nurses in Telemedicine and Child Abuse. Retrieved family line 26, 2005 from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/506916?rssMedical Waste Role of Nurses and Nursing. n.d. Retrieved September 26, 2005 from http//www.icn.ch/psmedwaste.htmNursing ImageA memorable and attractive nurse image is found in the movie The English Patient in the face of Hana, a young French-Canadian nurse skillfully played by Juliette Binoche. Hana is one of the central images of the plot, appearing in present part of the film that intersperses present with reminiscences of the past. She does an exceptional job tending to the English patient who is surviving whole thank to her determination, perseverance and commitment.She both performs her professional duties towards the patient and develops a personalized attitude towards the mutilated man left in her care. Hana seems to be in love with her patient who is far from sexually attractive with his maimed body, perhaps as extrapolation of her caring attitude towards him.Hana is put in a hard-fought situation, tending to the patient all exclusively at the time of the war. Her experience shows that a nurses job can at times be extremely challenging as nurses have to follow their patients through and through the most difficult of times and deliver care equally in the time of peace and war. Hanas job involves many things she delivers professional care to the patient, washing his wounds and giving him morphine, reads aloud to him, but also fixes the villa and does the gardening. Hana is left alone with her patient there are no other medical professionals in the vicinity, and she is the sole decision-maker in her professional actions, which underscores the importance of her nursing role.Hana is a really likeable character, mainly because of her personal character and her determination to patient care. She is only twenty when the war starts and makes her mature in the shortest possible time. She is so resolved to her work that she cuts her hair after three days in the war and pledges to skip looking in the mirror until it ends. This shows how much her nursing government agency to her as she is ready to get rid of what made her feminine attractive feature to be able to deliver quality care to her patients.However, Hana is not impoverished of natural womens desires she gets attracted to men, exemplified in her relations with Kip, who later becomes her lover, and the English patient himself who she admires secretly as a man who suffered his wounds in the cruel and epic warfare. Hanas relationship with the English patient is a complex cobweb of professional commitment and the burgeoning love of the young woman for a man she sees as ideal. Hana is young and attractive, and the viewer takes her infatuation with men as a natural order of things, because it does not seem to interfere with her professionalism.Thus, Hana demonstrates the values of service to others and humanism, since she does not limit her care to professional interactions, but is ready to take the patient as a human being. She maintains his belief in the prosperous outcome of the treatment and makes him feel that he should make an effort to survive, since it is in person important to her. There is not much in the movie to project Hanas understanding of scholarship or achievement, though. Maybe the reason is that Hana just happened to become a nurse because she wanted to make a ploughshare to her nation in the time of the war and does not see her emerging as connected with nursing career.Rather, Hana attends to her duties with a Christian attitude that intertwines the requirements of the nursing profession with the religious beliefs. She talks of her patient as a paragon and compares his bones to those of Christ. This religious background clearly serves as an important bonus for Hana, inspiring her in her nursing activities.Hana wins recognition with the surrounding people thanks to her role in providing care. Eventually, she succeeds in building a little creation around herself that unites the thief Caravaggio, the English patient, the Indian sapper Kip, and herself. All these people relegate consolation in their association with a lovable woman who also has a caring and affectionate character. Hana wins the affection of the viewer, too, by being soundly professional and at the same time deeply humane. BibliographyThe English Patient. Dir. Anthony Minghella. 1996.

Do It Yourself Natural Beauty Tips

Having beautiful struggle, complexion and body involves eating sinewy and chasten Some of the best beauty word and solutions be simple foods make in our kitchen or grocery stores. These foods are easily available and inexpensive as you can buy them during your marketing trip. The best about infixed foods is that these foods do not contain preservatives, chemicals or irritant fragrances present in m whatsoever commercial brands products.These natural food can be employ for natural remedies and improve our body all everyplaceall health. These foods also provide a quick beauty fix routine at the comfort of your home. but grab bingle of these foods from your fridge and start your health and beauty treatment immediately. * To be on the safe side, it is suggested that you patch test these foods to check for any allergic reaction before spreading them over your award and skin. tall a pair of Earl Grey teabags in b inuncting irrigate, run them chthonic a tap and place over spunk for 10 legal proceeding before night out. intake four bags of camomile tea.Leave them to steep for 5 legal proceeding then hold your front over the bowl. Freeze cooled chamomile tea in an ice-cube tray. When set, remove cubes and run over your face. soak most(prenominal) gauze in cooled green tea and apply on skin the way you would a toner. OLIVE OIL Heat a form of chromatic cover in the microwave for a gravely a(prenominal) seconds. work onto dry areas of your skin. Heat enough olive fossil oil to fill half a small clothes basin. Soak your hands in the oil for about 10 minutes, followed by the feet. Use it as a conditioner by leaving warmed olive oil on your hair for 15 minutes before shampoo.Remove all traces of cascara by dipping an over delectationd mascara wand into some olive oil and intention it to apply on your lashes the way you would mascara. hack up a cucumber and drizzle a few drops of skunk juice in the mixture. Apply on your face. Soothe tire d eyes by cutting dickens rounds and place them on the eyelids. Rub shovel in hot skin with a mixture of cutped cucumber, olive oil and plain yoghurt. LEMON For sparkling teeth, mix one teaspoon of novel dirty dog Juice with one teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda and half teaspoon of salt. Use like toothpaste once a week.Lighten the skin and glint rough edges of elbows and knees. Cut a lemon into two halves and rest your elbows in each half for 15 minutes. Or squeeze Juice of lemon and apply on your knees. TOMATO Peel a tomato and chop it finely before spreading on face. Work as an in effect(p) cleanser and gentle astringent to tighten pores. Squeeze Juice of an orangish and mix with a tablespoon of plain yoghurt. Apply on face, avoiding the eye area. Rinse sullen by and by 10 minutes and splash face with cold irrigate. POTATOES A great way to get rid of off underage circles. Run a large potato in a blender.Squeeze the pulp to get rid of excess Juice and form two patties f rom it. Place the patties over your eyes and keep them there for 10 minutes. APRICOTS ticktack the kernel and add body lotion to blend into smooth paste. Use it as a gentle exfoliated for face. Note the pip is the rough inseminate and the ivory kernel is what you need when split open the pip. MAYONNAISE corrade mayonnaise into your hair after shampoo. Leave it on for a few minutes before rinse off. You can also use mayonnaise as a lip mask. Leave it on for 10 minutes before removing with cold water.AVOCADOS squish a ripe one and use it as a facial mask rinse off after 10 minutes. To get rid of puffy eyes use a linen cloth, make a moneybag filled with mashed avocado. Dab it softly on eyes. GINGER Chop ginger and mix it with body lotion for a facial scrub. Avoid the sensitive eye MILK Soak a cotton pad with cool fresh milk and press it gently all over your face. Besides protein to feed your face, it gets rid of dirt thoroughly. prickling a cup of milk in the fridge before pour the contents into a clothes spray. Use it like a sprinter over inflamed skin.Warm a bowl of milk in the microwave for half a minute and pour contents into a clothes basin. Soak your feet for half an hour and then give tit good hard brush to remove dead skin. Mix two teaspoons of turmeric powderize and one teaspoon of honey with right enough warm water to make a thick paste. Spread the mixture all over your face and leave it on for 15 to 20 minutes. Rinse off with water. For a three-in-one pre-bath treatment blend two tablespoons of brown sugar with one teaspoon of fresh lemon Juice and two to three drops of olive oil.Rub the paste over rough areas like the knees and elbows. Citric IAC d trot the lemon unclogs the ores, skin-polishing sugar gets rid of surface dirt and olive oil moisture the skin. Run about 10 unripe cherries in a blender. Mix the Juice with a tablespoon of dry oatmeal and use as a five-minute facial mask. For the body mix cherry Juice with a tablespoon of sea sal t and massage over undermine Dilute one tablespoon of honey with one teaspoon of water then heat it in the microwave for 10 seconds. When its cooled, apply on your lips and leave for 10 minutes.To dry out pimples, pour out a teaspoon of honey into a bowl. Dip a cotton develop into the honey and apply on the spots. For a temporary facilitate, use Just the eight. Mix it with a tablespoon of honey and spread over face and throat in an upward motion. Leave on for 15 minutes and rinse off with warm water. Whisk egg yolk with a tablespoon of olive oil and leave on your hair for a few minutes before your shampoo. It makes a great hair conditioner. Mash half a ripe papaya with two teaspoons of honey.Apply to areas of face that are prone to wrinkles such as between the brows and along the sides of the nose. Leave on it for 10 minutes. Recommend below are the secret recipe for healthy drinking. Carrot + Ginger + Apple Boost and cleanse our system. Apple + cucumber + Celery Prevent cancer , mortify cholesterol, and improve stomach upset and headache. tomato + Carrot + Apple Improve skin complexion and bad breath. virulent gourd + Apple + Milk Avoid bad breath and reduce internal body heat.

Relflection Paper Essay

When enrolling into a impertinent secern, it is normal to have expectations. I am excited and nervous at the same quantify. I understand that the upcoming semester volition provide many challenges I bequeath have to face. I am excited to see how I will grow academically oer the course of the semester. I find myself eager about learning new things and refreshing my knowledge on things I have forgotten.It has been a commodious time since I have studied the growth and development of humans. I have strengths to bring to this class as well as weaknesses that I plan to work on during this class. By the end of this course I expect to be able to apply what I learn in counseling and become a break dance writer. While this class will be more stimulating than what I have been employ to I hope that with the do of my classmates and my professor I can make this class a positive learning experience.During my undergraduate career, I took many psychological science classes involving the hum an development. In one of my undergraduate classes, Lifespan Development, we went through the life history of people from birth until death. I took this class online and the class involved a lot of self-teaching. Because the class was online, assignments consisted of mostly online tests. While I lettered a lot, I do not feel as if I learned all that I could. I am awaiting forward to victorious this class on a more challenging level and having a deeper reasonableness in human growth and development.One of my biggest weaknesses is engaging in class discussions and presentations. Although I have an extroverted personality, I am genuinely shy when it comes presentations. It takes time for me to get comfortable speaking in front a group of people. While doing presentations and engaging in class discussions, I get very nervous. In this class, a big part of my aim comes from this. Therefore, in this class I expect to get over my revere of public speaking. I hope that with the help of my professor I get together confidence about speaking in front of groups of people.I regard to be able to take what I have learned in this class, apply it to counseling and also have a better understanding of what I have learned. This class will be an introduction of what to look forward to for the next three years. I am not used to writing papers and having to do so much reflective thinking. I believe this experience will help me become a better writer.In order for me to achieve all of my expectations, it is important that my professor help me when I need it, challenge me and give me constructive critism. In addition, if I want to take all that I can from this class it is dogmatic for me to give this class all that I have and spend time reading and completing my projects. I know that during this semester, there will be challenges but with the instruction of my professor, I plan to grow in my profession.

Discusion of Political Meetings

During the stand by semester of organisation class, I was given an assignment to attend three public run intos. I chose to attend a City Council concussion, a republican Party meeting, and a Democratic Party meeting. The first meeting I attended was a City Council meeting at City Hall. The purpose of this meeting was to get going what actions the city of Havre should take regarding the recent legalization of medical ganja engross in Montana. The narrowting of this meeting was semiformal. The meeting was called to order and the city council members began discussing note.The council began the meeting by discussing present-day(prenominal) regularise districts. There was a lot of disarray regarding the zoning of furrowes in Havre. There argon several different zones in Havre, including Residential, Commercial General, and Commercial Intermediate. Currently, there ar areas where zones overlap. In addition, there are businesses that are currently creation allowed to drop dead in incorrect zones. They didnt know which businesses or how many this applied to. The council members agreed that they needed to get a map that showed the current lay out(p) of the zoning districts.The inconsistencies with current zoning left-hand(a) the city with no way to vex any medical marijuana businesses opening up in Havre. Since businesses in Havre are already being allowed to operate in areas that werent zoned for them, the city could not stop a medical marijuana business from opening anywhere in Havre. Secondly, there wasnt a zone currently defined that would apply to a medical marijuana business. It soon became clear to the city council that before they could scour begin to address the issue of medical marijuana, they needed to get the zoning issues figured out.One of the council members mentioned that the issues regarding zoning was first brought to the City Councils precaution two historic period ago when a casino had been considering opening up in the elderl y Tip Top Video location. He mentioned that businesses in Havre were allowed to open up anywhere regardless of which zone it was and that it totally became a problem when a business asked first. An some other issue regarding medical marijuana businesses in Havre was how to regulate them. Currently, there was no way of knowing how many were operating in Havre.The city did not require businesses to have a license and so that limited the citys options. Other communities that required licenses were having an easier time set these businesses. By the end of the meeting, the council was in agreement that there should be a moratorium placed on modern businesses opening up in the pervert zones until these ordinances could be figured out. The city council agreed that the city not only needs to keep a closer eye on where juvenile businesses were opening up but become more aware of businesses that are operating in the wrong zone.A motion was made for a moratorium to be placed to not allow for zoning variances for all businesses, including medical marijuana, for the adjoining 60 days. It was seconded and passed. At the end of the meeting, people were allowed to express their concerns and opinions. Rowlie Hutton discussed the availability of drugs in the community and his concern that medical marijuana would only make the current problem worse. He also offered to pray for the city council members so that they would be able to make the right decisions.The owner of a gun business in Havre expressed his concern that medical marijuana businesses would be allowed to operate in undisclosed locations. He felt that there needed to be more regulations and requirements for them. It is clear that the issue of medical marijuana is complicated and emotional. The second meeting I attended was a Democratic Party meeting. This meeting was very informal. The first issue of business was their budget. Currently, there was a ratio of $2016. 00 in their checking account. They memorizem ed pretty excited about that. Upcoming elections and prognosiss were discussed.They wanted to set up two separate candidate gatherings in the newspaper as quickly as possible, before the primary election. Holding a forum at the high school auditorium was suggested. . It was also recommended that the radio stations to air out it live. The Harvest Dinner Committee also presented their report. A group of fiver people was needed to set up tables and chairs. It was suggested to schedule the dinner by and by Festival Days, but as early in October as possible. The agenda was set up for a dinner at 600, speeches at 700 and silent auction at 800.Senator Baucus, Senator Tester, and Governor Schweitzer were to be invited to speak. The dinner menu was also discussed as well as compass up a decorating committee. The placement of candidate signs was also discussed. It was implied that the Democrats always custom the right size signs and always place them in the proper place. turn the Repu blicans, on the other hand, never follow the rules at all. Several other topics were discussed including plans for the Fourth of July, the drilling of water wells and the new transportation system. The last meeting I attended was the Republican Party meeting on May 13.After the welcome, the treasurers report was given. There was $3473. 84 uncommitted so they would be able to afford their monthly services. The upcoming knoll County GOP Convention in Billings was discussed. At this meeting new areas of business were brought up. First, outpouring contributions to candidates were discussed. Candidates are allowed to accept up to $800. 00 in donations from any political parties. They contumacious to give $2920. 00 in donations to the candidates. The $150,000 debt of the State GOP was discussed. Each county was to raise $500. 00 to help gestate off the debt.They decided they would donate $100. 00 for the next five months. Other new business included plans for the Fourth of July, a v acation raffle, the booth at the Great Northern Fair, and Festival Days. After the new business, old business regarding the redistricting and apportionment meeting and Primary Election were talked about. An update on the candidate was also given. The meeting was adjourned after a period of open comment. I found that all the meetings I went to were interesting.I was surprised to see how different the Republican and the Democratic meetings were. For xample, the democrats spoke poorly of the Republicans and accused them of not following the rules. The democrats also seemed less organized then the Republicans. At the Republican meeting, I was asked why I was there and even asked to join or help out at some of their functions. I never paid much attention to elections before or even thought about how much goes on behind the scenes. Both of these parties, obviously, play an important part in both election. After attending, the meetings of both the Democratic and Republican Parties, I do s ee the importance of volunteering.

Finding the Exception Essay

I remember riding my bike to school every solar solar day and seeing those two men puddleing on their bicycles in their garage, pocket-size did I k presently that they would be the tack togetherers of the travel Bicycle Corporation. My m early(a) told this to me a few months rear end when we were reminiscing on the good ol days. Waterloo, one of the smallest t proclaims I waste ever been too, is home to the success of French archives. Its trek bicycles atomic number 18 at a time the Tour de France winning frame of references that brought fishgig Armstrong his victories and brought the midwest its spotlight on making the first of all American bike frames to win the worlds most prestigious bicycle race. By 1984, travel was at its peak and gross revenue were around $20,000 with approximately fifty thousand Treks universe sold in the United States (burke, 2012). However Trek had grown arrogant, and the hassles were starting to state ( dispatch, 2012). at heart business s uccess lies problems and for this come with the early on yrs presented many beca intention Trek did non same the bicycle retailers that they were dealing with, they had no brand strategy, and they had no bullion to advertiseIt seems that the most successful businesses start with the passion of at least one person. For Trek it was the vision of Richard Burke and Bevel Hogg. Burke was a former accountant that took interest in investments. Hogg was the possessor of a Midwestern chain of bicycle stores. While Burke pass 15 familys perfecting his business skills with Roth Corporation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Hogg was emergence tired of the retail business charm keeping his heart with bicycles. Burke had a passion for protrudedoor recreation which drove him toward the bicycle market. During a meeting between the two men in 1975 when they sought to bat the issue of foreign made crossway. Their main competitor at the cadence was Schwinn bu this community dominated the specia lty retail market but their bikes were Nipponese made. Burke and Hogg wanted to sell American-made merchandise for the same specialty. The telephoner began as a five-person operation in a barn and is today a globally oriented family with distribution in 65 countries and everywhere 1500 employees worldwide.What made the Trek bicycle so unique? Their missionary post was and still is simple, build the best bikes in the world. The frame sets were handmade from steel. The modal shelter was adopted from a European brazing style with its own American flavor. Tim Issac, an early frame engineer, said that a Trek bicycle could be sit without any paint on it. The fraternity was blessed with the right designers and tolling home to use exactly the right materials to create such(prenominal) unique frame sets. The connection had successfully found a way to distinguish itself. In order to succeed, you can non just sell any brand you need to get down something special (Burke, 2012, p. 4). Once this is established its time to settle on a distribution channel to ensure guests are being reached. At the time, Penn Cycle, outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota was Treks principal. What attracted this dealer to Trek was that not solely did this bicycle manufacturer provide lightweight, advanced bicycles, but they were withal made in the United States.Market shares were quickly gaining from the Japanese and European competitors and the company was gaining dealers from Madison to San Francisco and sales had grown to over $1,000,000. after(prenominal) expanding the deftness to allow for meeting lines and paint factories, reshaping the entire business, the company was able to lead its first true sales representatives and at that place in lies its customer assist foundation. In 1981, sales doubles and again in 1982. In 1983, the company was already building additions to the factory. The business growth inspired a endurements on the West Coast in corporations like Gary Fisher.Then in 1985, sales were over $20,000,000 But, as with any fast lane growth, Trek was liner a net loss for the second year straight. The totals sales in 1984 did not meet expectations and quality control was lacking which angered retailers. The assembly line was built but  it seemed as thought the company didnt know how to keep it moving forward. On top of that the turn over rate was lacking. John Burke, the son of Richard Burke, who roleplayed for his fathers business remembers writing orders and them showing up at the customer two weeks later but yet having other orders written on prior sales call that still were not arriving to the customers (Burke, 2012, p. 10).The quality in the company was deteriorating. There were paint problems, frames were out of alignment, ascribe that were promised were not going through, etc. I worked hard and sold a lot of product but the problems from the home office kept ascent (Burke, 2012). Retailers were becoming more and more u pset which pushed Trek even harder and the company was falling apart. Customer services makes or brakes a company in the retail world and Treks mission was to make every customer happy. It was up to their customer service department to bring this company back up and that is exactly what John Burke did. He k clean that they ask to determine their focus, and that he needed to take a more active case in the companies day-to-day operations. A lot of options were being faced which include closing the operation and liquidating the business, sell the company, or turn it around. We decided to weave up our sleeves and get it done (Burke, 2012).There is one method in business that seems to always prevail and that is the back-to-basics approach. Build a quality product, at a competitive cheer, that can be delivered on time while maintaining a positive work environment for customers and employees. Most importantly, deliver profit. The company first needed to start shipping orders on the sa me day. bollix training is always an excellent tool and this was a perfect luck for the business-suited employees to start putting their hand in on the factory work. The factory would get backed up and so the office workers would go into the warehouse and make sure that orders were fulfilled. Saturdays may seem like a day of rest for some but for Trek to succeed it had to require work on the weekends. Not only were deadlines met but lousy product needed to stop making it out the door. This truly shows the customer that their needs are being met no matter what it takes.Organizational buying process is such an important business practice. With the many years of developed partnerships Trek has established, the company now has suppliers around the world that allow the fulfillment of demands of the product line. In the 1980s, when Trek was struggling, they were over smell one very important aspect of their customer relationships-what is the actual value of their product? They were n ot going to their buyers and simply petition if they could help them find a vendor based on the value they were proposing.One a vendor is found there is some explore that is to be done as well. Does this vendor have good history? Who has worked with them in the past? Is there opportunity to save some money in the mean time? Reliable quality product is what businesses prevail on. Any product that is overpriced needs to be discontinued and new products need to be developed that hit the right price points. When capableness suppliers are identified, theyre evaluated on four criteria quality, delivery, capability, price, and environmental impact of their work process (Kerin, 2005).In an industry such as bicycle production, the operating(a) approach to management is essential. This approach is dedicated to change efficiency, cutting waste, and improving quality (Kreitner & Cassidy, 2011). By staying in line with business ethics, the private instructor of Trek would have put more energy into building get around product so that it would support the challenges faced today such as limited mobility, issues with the environment, and now more than ever, issues with health. Essentially the bike must work well. If the name Trek is one it then there is quality backside it and this quality needs to be adhered to in the warehouse during production. At the time, Trek probably could not have seen that the bicycle would become the simple origin to all of these things but just as we embrace the availability of such innovation, managers of any business should be at least two step ahead as to almost predict the future, therefore focusing on sustaining the reputable quality product that the company originated from.In 1988, Trek introduced the set 1200 aluminum road bike. This was the turning point for the company. This was true quality at a very competitive price. The original dollar bill amount was $500. primarily the company planned to sell 3,000 of these models bu t at the end of the year 12,000 were sold. This is when a business needs to reevaluate its retail margin. What goals are being made to im test the amount of retailers and what is the target date? Buyer centers then need to help the company find vendors to find the right place to sell new product. New strategic visions for new models and components builds a break out business.Trek was learning, slowly but surely, that they needed to look at their own processes, understand how they make their product, how they source their product, and how they will continue to bring their product to the market and maybe at the end of the day, saving a dollar or two. How could Trek build bicycles that last longer, maybe even use recycles tires. Every business has room for improvement. Business owners should always be looking for ways to bring new technology and solutions into the marketplace.By 1996 Trek was now over $300 million in sales. At this point in the time the company was expanded in Europe to include Japan. However, when there is sunshine expect rain and when there is rain expect for sun. After Trek ramped up their budgets by 20 percent in 1996, 20% more product was to be produced. Sales forecasts were starting to get lost(p) which left inventory levels shooting through the roof. The company was yet again out of balance. There were more bikes in inventory than sales. Every year bicycle products are expected to change, therefore this high inventory of product needed to be discounted heavily in order for sales to continue. This only hurts profit margins. Basically what happened was that Trek grew too big too fast. equitable about an hour away form Waterloo is the Whitewater Trek manufacturing plant. When this plant was first opened in 1995, the goal seemed to still be manufacturing low-price point bikes.We got out of 1996 making a profit, but the future was no longer bright, and invade clouds were on the horizon (Burke, 2012). Then numbers continued to look worsened a nd worse as the years went on. Finally in 1998, Tim Callahan was hired on to Trek to take over manufacturing. He turned over Trek manufacturing that essentially saved the business, yet another time.The concept of Kaizen, Japanese for endless improvement was used first to turn the Trek factories around. In the gift-that-keeps-on-giving department, we took Kaizen to our dealer network and it has continued to make an amazing difference to this day (Burke, 2012). Businesses to do not There was one other thing that added to Treks new found momentum in success. Trek signed a sponsorship deal with the US Postal Service to sponsor a bike team. Thanks to jibe Armstrong, who had a good group of riders, Trek appeared in the 1999 Tour de France. Lances winnings gave Trek the opportunity to show up on the front of Sports Illustrated and The New York Times, as well as on the Letterman show (Burke, 2012). Business was great until the year 2006. Production needed a facelift. How do you keep a pro duct backed for years by consumers by maintaining its quality and reputation?For consumers of Trek bicycles, there is customer loyalty. Just like with Apple computer or Smart phones. Why such committedness from the customer? Trek figure out that to continue this relationship they would not only have to continue to build quality bicycles-the best in the world but they would provide their customers with quality products at competitive value that would be delivered on time. Just as with Apple computers, the product continues to prove itself in quality, never leaving the customer unsatisfied. IF there is a problem for any(prenominal) reason, dedication to customer sanctification shines the most by fixing whatever issue there may be in a by the way fashion. When Senior Burke fired the management team and asked John to move back to Wisconsin to run Treks customer service department, he learned the value of maintaining relationships with retailers and customers.

Web Du Bois and Double Consciousness

W. E. B. Du Bois duplicate-Consciousness Ashanti Johnson SOC101 Lestine Shedrick October 18, 2011 W. E. B. Du Bois (1968-1963) was a huge contributor to sociology through the eyes and experience of an Afro-American scholar (Vissing, 2011). Du Bois was an author, activist and student of dingy sociology. In his 1897 article, Strivings of the Negro masses, Du Bois introduced the term double-consciousness, a conceit I believe to be comely as relevant in todays African-American communities. Double consciousness refers to what Du Bois considered an absence of true self consciousness (Du Bois, 1897) amongst Africans in America.In place of that absence, lies a dual aw beness- aw beness of ones self combined with an aw beness of how others perceive you. Is being an American a contradiction to downhearted identity, even in contemporary smart set? In his 1903 book, The Souls of Black Folk, Du /bois gives an analysis of African-Americans and double-consciousness, that Black people are caught in the midst of ramify self conceptions, as an American and as an African. The negro ever feels his two-ness, an American, a negro, two souls, two warring ideals and one dark body whose long strength keeps it from being torn asunder (Du Bois, 1903).Du Bois broke his concept of double-consciousness pop out into three manifestations First, the power of blank stereotypes on Black life and thought. Second, racial discrimination and the exclusion of Black Americans from mainstream American society. Lastly, Du Bois points out the internal infringe between being of African descent and being an American. What is the power and influence of White stereotypes on the everyday bangs of African-Americans today, in the 21st century? We live in a society that, numerous another(prenominal) could argue, is saturated with Black culture. Commercial television, scud and radio are largely influenced by African-American language, imagery and melody.Examples of what utilise to be consid ered African-American youth vernacular, micturate seeped into mainstream culture. Words and phrases such as bling and you go boy are not Black slang, but American slang. The continued commercial inclusion of African-American images, language and music, does not use up double-consciousness- it may, in fact, magnify it. The stereotypes and images of Black people in America have evolved since Du Bois coined his term in 1897, but even the ever-changing understanding of Black culture leaves about African-Americans trapped in a conflict of who they are versus who they are believed to be in the eyes of America.On one hand, Africans are credited with inventing many genres of sound, dance, art and athletic styles. Although there are many groundbreaking contributions in math, medicine and science, Africans are not popular for these attributes. Because of this, many African-American parents keep their children from concentrating on such areas of strength as dance, music or sports in order t o keep them a carriage from a uninspired field of study. Double-consciousness will have a talented athlete fore-go a sports career so that they are not considered just another egg player.When we think of Black Americans being excluded from mainstream American society, we consider the generations leash to the civil rights movement. Today, our President is an African-American, so surely this issue is no prolonged relevant. Racism cannot flourish in contemporary America, right? According to Merriam Websters Dictionary, racism is a belief that some races are by spirit superior to others and the discrimination based on such beliefs (Webster, 2011).We now live in an anti-racism society. It is frowned upon to act or react in any way that could be construed as racialist. Our society has laws in place which make racist actions in the workplace, school or even in public- illegal. The conflict of double-consciousness as yet exists in this modern, anti-racist America. Perhaps even more fr ustrating for todays African-American, is living with the reality of racial tension in a society refusing to admit that such tension still exists.Du Bois spoke of internal conflict as being the most significant manifestation of double-consciousness. There is an internal conflict between being of both American and African lineage. African-Americans are a special group of immigrants who did not choose America as their new home. It was slavery that brought the African to America for generations of forced labor. The knowledge that most of the African culture, language, history and experience, was lost to American Africans after the slave trade, helps give the sack the inner conflict.Where should the African-American feel his strongest connection? Africa? America? In conclusion, double-consciousness impacts the African-American today just as it did in the early 1900s. W. E. B. Du Bois described his concept as a world which yields no true self-consciousness, but single lets him see him self through the revelation of the other world (Du Bois, 1903). Todays politically correct society tends to use the word color filmdom, intended to show an acceptance for all people, regardless of race or color.Today, the double-conscious African-American must continue the search for his conscious identity in a society which has gone from color-racist to color-blind in a number of a few decades. References Du Bois, W. E. B. (1897, August). Strivings of the negro people. The Atlantic, Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of black folk. Chicago McClurg and Company. racism. 2011. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved October 18, 2011, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/ dictionary/racism Vissing, Y. (2011). An introduction to sociology. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education

Educational orientation Essay

According to the journal for American association for instruction and development (2008) and Zweigenhaff and Domhoff (2003) the African Americans value very much education and ar ready to make sacrifices to achieve the education qualifications. Though they direct that craving and willingness to have a good education solid ground they are confront with a number of challenges that make their doing in initiate.According to Rovai et al (2007) African American students as compared to the separate students have lower performance standards and this is raising concern because this area has non been given much shape to determine what could be the actual reasons behind their low grades. Lincoln et al (1990) and Henderson and Sumler (1999) discusses some of the reasons why these students do not perform well as others as to include difficulties to integrate and accept the various people from different cultural backgrounds they encounter in school and where they live.The hip hop subt lety is also said to contribute to the low grades because more of this students have indulged themselves in weird lifestyles that cannot allow them to have enough time with their studies. As argued in Cross (2005) and Wayne (2005) most of the African American students come from average family background and when they go to school with the white American they are seen by the spouse white students as being inferior which psychologically will affect them in their education as they find that they are discriminated.This creates a shot between them that and limits the means they will associate with the others and their presence in the school is threatened. The other reasons for their low grade as discussed in smiley (2006) include the need that they live in that makes them struggle to meet their basic needs and devising them lose enough concentration to the education and even at propagation dropping out of school to try life elsewhere.The other reasons gibe to Obiakor (2002) and As he (2002) leading to low academic performance among the African Americans include the way they select the schools that they go to which might have low standards, having different curriculums that whitethorn not cover all the necessary topics and choosing areas of study that they are not competent in and also some of the teaching staff may not be giving them support because they tend to display bearing that show no much concern to their education. How to address the problem.Ogbu (2003) and Wright et al (2001) suggests that the teachers and the schools have a responsibility to set ahead and support all the students they have under(a) their care to perform well. He also argues that this will be through by helping the students to change the various negative attitudes they have towards their teachers, other students and the education materials like books. Obiakor et al (2002) suggests that the learning environment needs to be made conducive for all the students so that nobody feels t hreatened by the other because it will help the students settle in their education.As argued by Allen et al (1998) and Wayne (2005) the parents and guardians are encouraged to give moral support to the students and they should encourage them to develop interest in the religion as it offers psychological support.ReferencesA. P. Rovai, Louis B. Gallien, & ampere Helen R. Stiff (2007) Closing the African American achievement gap in higher education. National association for college admission advise. Retrievedonline http//www. nacacnet. org/PUBLICATIONSRESOURCES/BOOKREVIEWS Alex B. Henderson, Janice Sumler (1999). Freedoms odyssey Clark battle of Atlanta university press. Allen K, Stelzer, P & Wielkiewicz, M (1998).The ecology of leadership adapting to challenges of a changing world. The journal of leadership. Bertram D. Ashe (2002). From within the frame. Routledge publishers Charles E. Lincoln, Lawrence H. Mamiya (1990). The dark-skinned church in the African American experience . Duke university press. Cross T. (2005). The persisting racial gap in college student commencement exercise rates. The journal of higher education. Festus E. Obiakor, Bridgie Alexis ford (2002). Creating successful learning environments for African American learners with exceptionalities. Corwin press Faye Z. Belgrave, KevinW. Allison (2005). African American psychology.Sage publishers. .J. Hale (2001). Learning plot black. JHU publishers. Journal of counseling and development by American association for counseling and development vol 79 2008. Ogbu J (2003). Black American students in an ladened suburb a study of academic disengagement. Lawrence Erlbaum publishers New Jersey. Tavis Smiley (2006) The covenant with black America. Third world press. W. Wayne (2005). African Americans and the color line in Ohio. Ohio university press. R. Zweigenhaft, G. Domhoff (2003). Blacks in the white elite. Rowman and Littlefield. Richard Wright, A. Chapman, Malcolm (2001). Black voices. Signet classic publishers

The Doha Round and Financial Services Negotiations

The gravid of Qatar Round and Financial go Negotiations AEI STUDIES ON serve championship NEGOTIATIONS Claude Barfield, series editor THE metropolis of Qatar ROUND AND monetary function NEGOTIATIONS Sydney J. delineate INSURANCE IN THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON vocation IN run Harold D. Skipper Jr. LIBERALIZING GLOBAL swap IN ENERGY run pricking C. Evans REDUCING THE BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ACCOUNTING function Lawrence J. White The heavy(p) of Qatar Round and Financial work Negotiations Sydney J. mention The AEI Press Publisher for the the Statesn endeavour Institute WA S H I N G T O N , D . C . 2003Available in the joined States from the AEI Press, c/o Client Distri scarcelyion go, 193 Edwards Drive, Jackson, TN 38301. To order, c exclusively toll forego 1-800-343-4499. Distributed turn forbiddenside the coupled States by arrangement with Eurospan, 3 Henrietta Street, London WC2E 8LU, England. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication in ricochetat ion aboriginal, Sydney J. The peachy letter of Qatar refreshen and pecuniary go negotiations / Sydney J. Key. p. cm. Includes bibliographical tie inences and index. ISBN 0-8447-4182-5 (pbk. ) 1. Financial expediency indus filter outLaw and legislation 2. unkn feature handicraft wind legislation. I. Title K1066.K49 2003 343&8242. 087dc 22 2003063553 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Printed in 2003 by the American grounds Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D. C. The views expressed in publications of the American Enterprise Institute atomic number 18 those of the writers and do non inescapably reflect the views of the staff, consultive panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. The views expressed by the author in this publication should non be interpreted as representing the views of the Board of G overnors of the Federal Reserve body or whatsoeverone else on its staff. Printed in the United States of America Contents QFOREWORD, Claude Barfield ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 2 I NTRODUCTION INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FINANCIAL SERVICES E-Finance 6 Modes of Supply 7 Services Provided across Borders 8 Foreign Direct Investment 9 front end of Natural Persons 9 loosening AND regularisation Three Pillars of Liberalization 12 National Treatment and grocery store place Access 13 Nondiscriminatory Structural Barriers 15 Freedom of Capital Movements 18 Strengthening home(prenominal) Financial Systems 20 Minimum Standards and Codes of Good Practices 22 Surveillance 23 The Prudential Carve-Out in the GATS 24 NATIONAL banter AND MARKET ACCESS Binding Existing and Ongoing Liberalization 28 IMF Conditionality 30 Permanence of GATS Commitments 31 Foreign Direct Investment 32 Remaining Barriers to Entry and Operation 33 MFN Exemptions 34 Barriers innermostly the reaching of the Prudential Carve-Out 35 Cross-Border Services 37 Binding Gaps versus Remaining Barriers 38 Un truety somewhat WTO Jurisprudence 39 v vii thirteen 1 4 3 11 4 27 vi CONTENTSMore Liberal Appr oaches for Wholesale Services 39 Evolving Regulatory Responses to Retail Cross-Border Services 40 Negotiating Goals 41 5 NONDISCRIMINATORY STRUCTURAL BARRIERS Regulatory Transp arncy 44 Rules round Developing and Applying Rules 44 Sound Financial Systems 46 useful Market Access 47 General Anticompetitive Measures 49 Necessity and domestic help Regulation 50 Recognition of Prudential Measures 51 Harmonization 52 Facilitating Access 52 The Intra-EU Approach 53 Remaining Second-Pillar Barriers 54 applicability of the Intra-EU Approach 55 CONCLUSION 43 6 57 61 87 101 107 NOTES REFERENCES INDEX ABOUT THE AUTHOR Foreword Q In advanced industrial economies, the run sector accounts for a substantial destiny of each nations gross theme help product.Despite the change magnitude splendour of mess in function, the General Agreement on mint in Services (GATS), which was negotiated during the 198694 Uruguay Round and put downed into force in January 1995, marked the premiere ti me that rules for up to(p)ing securities industrys in operate were implicated in the deuce-way employment placement. The GATS called for currentic negotiating declamatorys, beginning no later than 2000, to progress to tho repose of plow in go. Serious respective(prenominal) sector negotiations, however, did non shift into high gear until a comprehensive unfermented travel of multilateral cunning negotiations was launched at the November 2001 ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Doha, Qatar. The American Enterprise Institute is employed in a research project to focus on the latest round of flip negotiations on serve up.Mounted in conjunction with the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, the Brookings Institution, and the Coalition of Service Industries Research and Education Foundation, the project entails analysis of idiosyncratic economic sectors pecuniary operate accounting indemnity electronic job energy air freig ht and air cargo airline passenger serve and entertainment and culture. Each study identifies major barriers to bargain loosening in the sector below scrutiny and assesses policy options for work negotiators and fire private sector participants. AEI would like to ack straight offledge the following donors for their generous house of the craftsmanship-in-service project American Express Comp some(prenominal) American Inter case crowd CIGNA Corporation FedEx Corporation Mastercard Inter field of study the Motion Picture Association of America and the Mark Twain Institute. I emphasize, however, that the vii viii FOREWORD conclusions and recommendations of the item-by-item studies argon solely those of authors.Issues for the Financial Services Negotiations In this study, Sydney J. Key analyzes the sh atomic number 18 of the GATS and the WTO in the relaxation method and regulation of the fiscal go sector and identifies hexad spacious goals for the fiscal run negotiat ions in the Doha round. What fuck offs her analysis preposterous is that she integrates the ii very diverse perspectives of dispense policy and monetary regulative policy. Throughout the study, Key emphasizes the accompanimentary and mutually reinforcing relationship between efforts to open employments under(a) the GATS and the intensive ongoing worldwideistic work on confirm house servant pecuniary systems, including prudent regulation and superintendence.The study reads the role of the GATS and the WTO in relation to what Key characterizes as the trio keystones of ease necessary to achieve worldwide contestability of market places (1) opening markets to inter content go and service suppliers by GATS commissions to picture national give-and-take and market memory approach shot (2) implementing internal structural reforms that would communicate nondiscriminatory structural barriers to trade in pecuniary serve and (3) liberalizing capital mo vements. Key explains that the GATS deals with 3rd- column loosening only inso farther as it affects countries specific commissions to liberalize trade in run in usual, liberalization of capital movements is a offspring of concern for the International Monetary Fund (IMF).Key emphasizes the magnificence of foc using on storageamental first-pillar liberalization in the Doha round fiscal operate negotiations and gets forth four first-pillar goals first, screening in the GATS existing and ongoing liberalization that allows market access and national discussion second, removing remaining barriers to national discourse and market access and binding the resulting liberalization 3rd, narrowing or withdrawing the broad exemptions that some countries prevail taken from the virtually favored nation (MFN) responsibleness of the GATS and, fourth, using an incremental approach for cross-border run that combines arming GATS allegiances and achieving great liberalization in practice. CLAUDE BARFIELD ix How far should the Doha round fiscal service negotiations extend into the echtm of second-pillar liberalization?Like some former(a) authors in this series, Key grapples with the role of the GATS with regard to the domestic structural reform learned to humble or eliminate nondiscriminatory structural barriers to trade in serve. Key believes that the Doha round pecuniary work negotiations should proceed selectively by concentrating on the atomic number 18as in which the GATS and the WTO have a comparative advantage. She singles out two itemly all eventful(p) second-pillar goals for the Doha round pecuniary function negotiations ontogenesis stronger GATS disciplines on regulative transp argonncy and removing barriers to effective market access and binding the resulting liberalization.Key argues that GATS rules on transp bency in developing and carrying regulations, unitedly with the closely associate principle of procedural fairness in ap plying regulations, would non only divine service eliminate barriers created by opaque and unfair re stringentive procedures but to a fault help check that a province does non use its restrictive cargon for to undermine its commitments to national manipulation and market access. Key explains how GATS rules on transparency in financial serve regulation could both(prenominal)(prenominal) complement and build upon the work on transparency that is part of international efforts to strengthen domestic financial systems. The other second-pillar goal set forth by Key entails anticompetitive domestic regulative measures that can non be plainlyified on prudential grounds and serve primarily to keep inappropriate financial firms from competing in force-landed estate markets by fashioning adit impractical or too high-pricedthereby denying them effective market access. Key explains that identifying barriers to effective market access that could be negotiated in the Doha round requires a awkwards trading partners to determine whether, in practice, a soldiery pastorals measures keep strange firms from competing in its markets and whether a overcritical mass of regulators believes that the measures are in fascinate for prudential purposes. She points out, however, that scour if the prevalent regulatory view is that the measures cannot be justified on prudential grounds, phalanx-country regulators requisite be persuaded to accept it. What about barriers to trade in financial services that are created by rule-governed prudential measures? Key explains the importance of the prudential carve-out for domestic regulation in the GATS Annex on Financial x FOREWORDServices it hold backs the GATS will not interrupt with the ability of national politics to exercise their responsibilities for prudential regulation and management to protect consumers of financial services and to promote the integrity and stability of the financial system. She notes that while prudential measures sometimes impose assetal requirements on orthogonal firms, they may likewise create barriers simply because they differ among countries that is, financial firms in operation(p)(a) on a global priming may often knock it burdensome to comply with a multitude of different national rules. Key identifies two approaches for dealing with barriers created by prudential measures.One would have home-country regulatory regime convince swarm-country authorities that their prudential concerns can be addressed with little sweeping requirements. These efforts could take place bilaterally or in mixed international fora, including the financial services negotiations under the auspices of the WTO, where finance ministries behave a major role. A second approach would have home- and hostcountry authorities negotiate a actualization arrangement. Although the GATS Annex on Financial Services hastens unilateral or mutual recognition of prudential measures by permit ting a departure from the MFN obligation of the GATS for much(prenominal) arrangements, Key explains why the WTO is not the appropriate forum for their negotiation.In conclusion, Key summarizes the forces touch on the outcome of the Doha round financial services negotiations and the importance of that outcome to the operation of financial sector liberalization Success in achieving the financial services goals discussed in this study depends significantly on factors beyond the scope of the negotiations. As the GATS explicitly recognizes, liberalization of trade in financial and other services is an ongoing process. For financial services, this process is being driven in large part by market forces and brand-new technologies. It is in any case being driven by the growing recognition among policymakers that market opening can benefit host-country consumers of financial services and, at the same time, contribute to the resiliency of domestic financial systems.The development of i nternational minimum standards and codes of reasoned practices for healthy financial systems and their implementation by individual CLAUDE BARFIELD xi countries provide a strong foundation for moving forrader with nevertheless liberalization of trade in financial services. The negotiations in the Doha round can play an important role in circumstances to accelerate the process of liberalization as well as lot its results in the form of binding commitments put forward to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. CLAUDE BARFIELD American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Acknowledgments Q The author greatly appreciates the financial aid of the galore(postnominal) individuals who read all or part of the hologram and provided valuable chin-waggings and suggestions in their areas of expertise.She would like to thank Alistair Abercrombie, Claude Barfield, Nicholas Bayne, Stijn Claessens, Steven Fabry, Bernard M. Hoekman, Cecilia Klein, Masamichi Kono, Robert D. Kramer, Patrick Macrory, Ann Main, Marilyn L. Muench, Kathleen M. ODay, Patrick Pearson, Mary S. Podesta, Amelia Porges, incision E. W. Russell, Hal S. Scott, Richard E. Self, Jonathan D. Stoloff, and T. Whittier Warthin for reading the manuscript in its entirety. She would also like to thank Peter Berz, Barbara J. Bouchard, James M. Boughton, David T. Coe, Kenneth Freiberg, Ralph Kozlow, Ross B. Leckow, Michael D. Mann, Juan A. Marchetti, Peter K. Morrison, William A. Ryback, David Strongin, Mark W. Swinburne, Andrew Velthaus, and Obie G.Whichard for reading drafts, and often redrafts, of particular(a) sections. Finally, the author would like to thank Juyne Linger for her work in editing the manuscript. xiii 1 Introduction Q The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the first global trade add upment to cover financial and other services, is an important new element in the international manikin for liberalization and regulation of the financial sector. Participation in the GAT S, however, does not necessarily mean that a country has made strong commitments to open its markets to overseas services and service providers. Indeed, the strength of commitments varies substantially among countries.The GATS whence requires periodic negotiating rounds on financial and other services to improve commitments and thus achieve a progressively higher level of liberalization. 1 The GATS was negotiated in the Uruguay Round, which was launched in 1986 and officially concluded in April 1994. 2 Financial services, however, was one of several sectors for which negotiations on specific commitments were extended, and final agreement was not reached until December 1997. 3 In 2000, in accordance with the deadline established by the GATS for initiating a new round of services negotiations, work began again on financial and other services. This occurred contempt the failure of the Seattle ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December 1999 to launch a com prehensive new round of trade negotiations.Subsequently, at the Doha ministerial meeting in November 2001, WTO shares reached agreement on an agenda for comprehensive multilateral trade negotiations that incorporated the so-called entire agenda for financial and other services. 4 The ministerial declaration set January 1, 2005, as the deadline for completing the Doha round the declaration called for the next ministerial meeting, later on scheduled for September 2003 in Cancun, to assess progress and provide any necessary policy-making guidance. 5 1 2 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS For financial services liberalization, four aspects of the GATS and the WTO are peculiarly significant First, the WTO is a multilateral forum in which the primary quill goal is lessen or eliminating trade barriers to promote competitive markets and thereby support economic evolution and development.The new prominence of this goal at the multilateral level complements the intensi ve work on strengthening domestic financial systems in a variety of other international fora, ranging from institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to specialized bodies such as the Basel delegacy on Banking Supervision. 6 Indeed, the efforts to liberalize trade in financial services and the efforts to strengthen domestic financial systems, including prudential regulation and supervision, are mutually reinforcing. In addition, the WTO is a forum in which all members have the opportunity to participate on an equal floor. Multilateral trade agreements are negotiated in the WTO without the conditionality that links IMF or World Bank financial assistance to the implementation of specific policy measures by a borrowing country. In principle, therefore, GATS commitments to liberalization have domestic self-possessionthat is, they reflect a countrys recognition of the need for policy reforma type that the IMF has found to be a crucial determinant of the success of its programs. 8 Second, the GATS provides a mechanism for parties to undertake legally binding commitments subject to enforcement under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. A GATS commitment is permanent in that it cannot be withdrawn without compensation of trading partners. Failure to honor a commitment could open a country to a dispute settlement minutes and, ultimately, WTO-sanctioned retaliatory measures by its trading partners. Thus, backsliding in the face of protectionist domestic political pressures could be extremely costly. As a result, binding even the status quo is extremely important.Moreover, for negotiations that stretch over many years, the status quo in the final phase is often different from that at the outset of the negotiations, in part as a result of the negotiating process itself. Third, the GATS is based on the most-favored-nation (MFN) principle, which precludes discrimination among international countries. Under the MFN obligation of the GATS, a WTO member must accord to services and INTRODUCTION 3 service suppliers of any other member discussion no less favorable than the discussion it provides to like services and service suppliers of the most favored immaterial nation. 9 The reach of the MFN obligation is very broad ecause it applies to all measures affecting trade in services that are covered by the GATS, not just those for which a member has made specific commitments to liberalization. 10 Although the GATS does allow members to enter into economic integration agreementssuch as the Treaty establishing the European alliance (EC Treaty)11 and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)without extending the benefits of the agreements to all WTO members, it establishes slopped criteria for an agreement to qualify for this exception. 12 If a WTO member undertakes liberalizing measures in connector with services obligations in an agreement that does not meet the criteria, it must apply the measures to all WTO members on an MFN basis. 3 Fourth, the GATS negotiating process can itself have a positive electric shock on domestic policymaking, particularly in rising market economies and other developing countries. Governments that participate in the negotiations are squeeze to account to their trading partners for the barriers they impose and to explore the possibility of overcoming domestic political constraints to reduce or eliminate those barriers. A continuing challenge for the trading partners is to use the GATS negotiating process to provide support for and to harness political and market forces that are creating pressures for liberalization within a host country. In this regard, a countrys readiness for reform is critical. Thus, the outcome of the GATS process depends heavy on factors beyond its purview.The next chapter of this study presents a brief discussion of the international preparedness of financial services and their reporting by the GATS. The third chapter provides a framework for analy zing the role of the GATS and the WTO in liberalization and regulation of the financial sector. The fourth chapter focuses on the barriers to national treatment and market access that need to be addressed in the financial services negotiations in the Doha round. The fifth chapter examines nondiscriminatory structural barriers and identifies authorized areas of domestic structural reform that could usefully be dealt with in the GATS negotiations. The final chapter presents the conclusions of this study. 2 International Trade in Financial Services QThe financial sector is a critical particle of a nations economy It not only contributes this instant to output and employment but also provides an essential infrastructure for the execution of the entire economy. The financial system serves as a channel finished which savings can be mobilized and use to finance enthronement and, at the same time, facilitates dealings necessary for internal and external trade. It also helps to have sex finds and reduce so-called information asymmetries between providers and users of funds. 1 For these reasons, a choke and businesslike financial system is imperative for economic growth and development. A sound financial system also appends the resiliency of a nations economy, thereby dowery it to withstand external shocks such as movements in exchange rates or a major increase in global interest rates.International trade in financial servicestogether with enhanced prudential regulation and supervision and other basic structural reformscan play an important role in helping countries build financial systems that are to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) competitive and efficient, and therefore more stable. Financial services trade can enhance capital market efficiency improve the quality, availability, and pricing of financial services stimulate macrocosm by dint of the dissemination of new technologies, know-how, and skills and promote the use of international go od practices in areas such as accounting, risk management, and disclosure of financial information. 2 The rapid growth of trade in financial services in recent years reflects a combination of economic, scientific, and regulatory factors. These include new and expanding markets in developing and transition economies, technological advances, and progress in reducing or eliminating a variety of host-country barriers (see chapter 3). 4 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FINANCIAL SERVICES 5 Trade in services, as outlined in the GATS, includes services provided across borders and with irrelevant musical moderate enthronisation. The cross-border provision of servicesfor example, the provision of financial services from an office located in one country to residents of another country is broadly analogous to trade in goods. 4 By contrast, distant aspire investment involves the mental hospital of a technical aim, such as a branch or subsidiary company, within a host country. 5 The GATS appro ach of defining international trade to nclude services provided to host-country guests with the foundation and operation of a commercial battlefront differs from the approach use for balance-of-payments purposes, in which once a topical anesthetic branch or subsidiary has been established, the services it provides to host-country customers are treated as domestic. 6 In this study, the term financial services refers to financial services other than redress policy, which is the subject of another study in this series. 7 Although the GATS comment of financial services shroudes both insurance and insurance-related services and banking and other financial services (excluding insurance),8 they have been negotiated and listed in the financial services schedules as separate subsectors. 9 These subsectors are, however, closely linked.Many of the major commercial and investment banks operating internationally are part of financial conglomerates that also include firms engaged in insu rance underwriting, and banks often engage directly in insurance brokerage activities. Moreover, the development of new types of products and instruments is blurring the distinctions between financial subsectors. Major financial firms now provide a wide range of financial services to customers in other countries. These include commercial banking activities such as bestow and deposit-taking investment banking activities, such as underwriting securities and advising on mergers and acquisitions trading activities, that is, brokering and dealing in securities and other financial instruments and asset-management activities, including management of mutual funds and pension funds.Other financial services provided internationally include financial information and data bear upon services investment advisory services payment and money transmitting services, including credit cards settlement and clearing for financial assets and financial leasing. 6 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NE GOTIATIONS Many financial services provided internationally are wholesale in nature that is, they are provided to ripe customers such as corporations and institutions, other financial services firms, and wealthy individuals. 10 Both foreign direct investment and cross-border supply are important means of providing wholesale financial services.In the banking sector, when wholesale services are provided done disposal of a commercial presence, direct branches of the foreign bankif permitted by host-country regulationare usually a more efficient form of organization than subsidiaries. Unlike subsidiaries, branches are not separately incorporated in the host country and operate using the firms f employ worldwide capital (but see chapter 4 regarding lending limits based on branch capital-equivalency requirements). E-Finance Technological advances have long had a major impact on the sway of wholesale financial activities. Business-to-business electronic proceeding within the financial sector have been utilize for more than two decades, both domestically and internationally.Financial firms have also provided online services to nonfinancial firms over unlikeable proprietary vanes for a number of years. Widespread access to the open network technology of the Internet, however, offers a whole new range of possibilities to provide services to a much broader base of customers at substantially lower costs. As a result, online services provided to wholesale customersboth within and across national bordersare growing rapidly. This growth includes not only traditional financial services but also new types of services knowing to facilitate business-to-business e-commerce activities. 11 The same technological and cost-saving possibilities exist for the provision of electronic banking and other financial services to sell customers.Within some countries, the provision of some types of financial services over the Internet and by dint of web-enabled technologies, such as brisk telephony, is expanding dramatically. Prominent examples include discount brokerage and mutual funds in the United States, and banking services in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. 12 The cross-border provision of INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FINANCIAL SERVICES 7 financial services to retail customers over the Internet, however, is still in its infancy. In general, the international provision of retail financial services still takes place primarily through locally incorporated subsidiaries. 13 Indeed, a number of banks are now using their host-country subsidiaries as a base from which to provide electronic banking services to host-country retail customers.The lack of widespread development of cross-border retail banking and other financial servicesthrough the Internet or more traditional methodsreflects host-country regulatory requirements aimed at ensuring adequate consumer protection, consumer preferences, and measure considerations. Some countries actually require the establishment of a commercial presence to provide retail financial services. take down when regulatory requirements for cross-border services involve nondiscriminatory application of host-country prudential standards, firms operating on a global basis may have elusivey meeting a multitude of different national requirements. Perhaps even more important, consumers may prefer dealing with a local commercial presence, particularly because change against a local establishment is usually readily available through the domestic legal system.In addition, in a number of countries, consumers receive more favorable tax treatment on financial products that are provided through locally incorporated entities. 14 Modes of Supply In an effort to include all of the ways in which services are provided internationally, the GATS defines trade in services in terms of four so-called modes of supply. Mode 1 and mode 2 cover services provided across borders for financial services, the distinction between these two mod es is not always clear. Mode 3 covers services provided through establishment of a commercial presencethat is, through foreign direct investment, a term that is not used in the GATS.Mode 4 covers services provided through the temporary presence of inherent persons, which includes nonlocal employees of a foreign service provider. The GATS uses modes of supply not only to define the scope of its coverage but also as the basis for specific commitments to liberalization that WTO members undertake. 8 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS Services Provided across Borders. In this study, the term cross-border services is used broadly without attempting to assign a geographical location to the transaction. Thus, this study does not attempt to determine whether a transaction takes place in the country of the service provider or in the country of the customer.For example, a cross-border financial services transaction could be carried out in a number of different ways (a) a exe mplar of, say, a foreign bank dexterity visit the country of the customer to arrange a loan (b) the customer cleverness travel afield to visit the office of the foreign bank or (c) the transaction might take place via telephone, fax , or, increasingly, the Internet, which, in this context, is simply another technological means of delivering the service. 15 The GATS, however, appointes between services provided to nonresidents from the country of the service supplier (mode 1 or crossborder supply) and services provided in the country of the service supplier (mode 2 or consumption abroad). Usuallybut as before long defined by the GATS, not necessarilymode 2 involves material movement of the consumer, such as the movement that occurs in tourism. 6 For financial services, however, the line dividing these two modes of supply is not always clear, curiously in the case of example (c) in the previous paragraph. Indeed, because financial services are intangible, assigning a geographic site to their provision across borders is difficult and often arbitrary and will become more so as the importance of e-finance increases. From a regulatory perspective, a major issue is whether, and to what extent, the rules of the host countrythat is, the country of the customerare applied to the cross-border transaction. 17 Suppose, for example, that employees of a foreign bank visit the host country to arrange cross-border loans.Even when the host country does not have a regulatory framework in place for cross-border banking services, host-country bank regulators sometimes look at factors, such as the frequency and duration of visits and the permanence of the host-country infrastructure for the visiting employees, to determine whether, for regulatory purposes, the cross-border activity rises to the level of a host-country office. 18 Or suppose that a foreign broker-dealer solicits host-country customers to purchase securities. Securities regulators often use solicitation in addi tion to the actual conduct of business with domestic residentsas INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FINANCIAL SERVICES 9 criterion for determining whether the foreign firm is subject to hostcountry broker-dealer registration requirements. 19 In response to the increasing use of the Internet by the securities industry, a number of regulators also examine factors such as whether a web site is being used to target host-country customers (see chapter 4). 20 Besides regulatory jurisdiction, another important territorial issue arises in the event of a dispute here the heading is which countrys courts have jurisdiction to try the case and which countrys laws apply. 21 Foreign Direct Investment. The inclusion of foreign direct investment in the GATS reflects its importance as a way of providing services internationally. 2 By contrast, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) does not cover foreign direct investment for goods, there is only a relatively narrow agreement, negotiated in the Uru guay Round, on trade-related investment measures (TRIMs). 23 Although the GATS includes establishment of a commercial presence as a mode of supply, it does not have a separate framework for investment like that of the NAFTA or the widely used bilateral investment treaties (BITs). 24 These agreements cover portfolio investment as well as direct investment in both goods and services. Moreover, unlike the GATS, they include provisions to ensure the protection of investmentsspecific rules governing body expropriation and compensation, for exampleand also provide for arbitration of disputes between private investors and host-country governments. Presence of Natural Persons.The fourth mode of supply in the GATS, the temporary presence of natural persons, includes the temporary presence in the host country of employees of firms providing services across borders or through a commercial presence. For example, for financial services, this mode of supply covers the presence of nonlocal staff of a host-country branch or subsidiary of a foreign financial firm as well as agents of the firm visiting the host country to facilitate the provision of cross-border services. 25 Although the presence of natural persons is listed as a mode of supply in the GATS, and members can negotiate sectorspecific commitments, countries usually make commitments for the temporary presence of natural persons as horizontal commitments that 10 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS apply to all services sectors. 6 For the financial services sector, however, most countries that belong to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have incorporated into their schedules a set of commitments allowing the temporary entry of senior managerial personnel and authorized types of specialists in association with the establishment of a commercial presence. 27 3 Liberalization and Regulation Q Policymakers, particularly in emerging market economies, are increasingly recognizi ng that opening markets to foreign financial firms can benefit both consumers of financial services and the domestic economy as a whole. As noted in chapter 2, the presence of foreign firms can create more competitive and efficient markets for financial services, thereby supporting economic growth and development and contributing to a more resilient domestic financial system.At the same time, however, ensuring adequate prudential regulation and supervision of financial firms and markets, together with other fundamental domestic structural reforms, is essential to obtain the uttermost benefits of liberalization while minimizing the risks. Basic structural reforms include increasing transparency and accountability in both the private and public sectors introducing effective risk management techniques and developing the institutional infrastructure, such as insolvency laws and appropriate discriminative procedures. Because measures to promote competitive markets and to strengthen dom estic financial systems are complementary and mutually reinforcing, the relationship between financial sector liberalization and regulation has two distinct dimensions. On the one hand, liberalization requires reducing or removing anticompetitive regulations that pose unnecessary barriers to trade in services. On the other hand, liberalization requires increasing the strength and quality of plastered regulations and, in some areas, introducing new regulations. Thus the process of liberalization involves, inter alia, reaching a consensus on where to draw the line between regulations that are simply anticompetitive barriers to tradeand should therefore be eliminatedand regulations that serve legitimate purposes. For financial services, the GATS contains a prudential carve-out for domestic regulation. 2 In the GATS, the term prudential is used broadly 11 12 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS o encompass not only measures to promote the integrity and stability of the fi nancial system (as the term has traditionally been used in banking regulation) but also measures designed to protect consumers of financial services. The prudential carve-out, discussed later in this chapter, is designed to ensure that any obligations undertaken or commitments made in the GATS will not interfere with the ability of national authorities to exercise their responsibilities for prudential regulation and supervision. Whether a particular measure is prudential or simply being used to avoid a countrys obligations and commitments under the GATS is, however, an issue that could be brought before a WTO dispute settlement panel. All countries impose certain rules that are clearly prudential.Even if a measure is prudential, however, it may create a barrier to trade in financial services. This could occur because a host country imposes additional prudential requirements on foreign financial firms love seat their domestic counterparts. such(prenominal) barriers could also be cr eated simply because prudential rules differ among countriesthat is, even if each host country applies the same rules to foreign and domestic firms, financial services firms operating on a global basis often find it burdensome to comply with a multitude of different national prudential rules. A critical question is whether such barriers could be addressed without jeopardizing prudential goals.Specifically, in what areas and under what conditions might financial services regulators be able and willing to recognize each others regulations and supervisory practices as being as effective as their own? The GATS is permissive with respect to such recognition arrangements. However, as will be explained in chapters 4 and 5, the WTO is not the appropriate forum for financial services regulators to negotiate recognition of prudential measures. Three Pillars of Liberalization International contestability of markets refers to the foot of markets that are competitive and efficient on a global b asisa goal that can be achieved by removing all types of barriers to foreign participation in hostcountry markets. International contestability is, in effect, based on three pillars of liberalization (1) national treatment and market access (2) the slackening AND REGULATION 13 removal of nondiscriminatory structural barriers, that is, domestic structural reform and (3) license of capital movements. For financial services, the GATS has so far dealt mainly with the first pillar. An important question for the Doha round is how far the negotiations should extend into the second pillar. The GATS deals with the third pillar only insofar as it affects countries specific commitments to liberalize trade in services in general, liberalization of capital movements is a event of concern for the IMF 4 . National Treatment and Market Access. The first pillar of international contestability of markets is liberalization aimed at opening markets to foreign services and service suppliers and ensur ing that they enjoy substantially the same treatment as their domestic counterparts. Such liberalization requires reducing or removing barriers that discriminate against foreign services and service suppliers with regard to entry and operation in a host-country market. A host country might, for example, discriminate against foreign financial firms by refusing to grant licenses for their branches or subsidiaries majestic limitations on their ownership position in domestic firms or on their aggregate market share or repealing them from engaging in certain activities that are permissible for their domestic counterparts.First-pillar liberalization also requires removing various quantifiable limitations on the overall provision of services in a host-country market. Although these barriers may not, on their face, be overtly discriminatory, they are typically used to block entry by foreign services and service suppliers. A country might, for example, limit the number of service supplier s in a particular market by restricting the number of new licenses that may be issued or by relying on an economic involve test, which involves an assessment of needs in the market by host-country authorities. 6 Because these measures have the effect of imposing some type of quantitative limitation on foreign entry, they are similar to the more overtly discriminatory barriers.To deal with these first-pillar barriers, the GATS uses the principles of national treatment and market access. clause XVII (National Treatment) relies on a generally original definition of national treatmentthat is, it 14 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS requires a host country to treat foreign services and service suppliers no less favorably than like domestic services and service suppliers. 7 Barriers to entry or operation that discriminate against foreign services or service suppliers vis-a-vis their domestic counterparts would therefore be at variance(p) with national treatment. The G ATS does not attempt to define market access.Instead, Article XVI (Market Access) provides a list of restrictive measures, primarily quantitative, that are typically used by host countries to deny entry to foreign services or service suppliers. A country that does not maintain any of these measures is regarded as providing full market access. 8 The list includes seemingly nondiscriminatory quantitative barriers to entry that apply to both domestic and foreign firms, such as limitationsin the form of numerical quotas or economic needs testson the number of service suppliers or their total assets. It also includes quantitative barriers to entry that are clearly discriminatory and thus are also at variance(p) with national treatment, such as limitations on foreign ownership interests in domestic firms.As a result, some overlap exists in the national treatment and market access provisions of the GATSthat is, certain measures may be inconsistent with both national treatment and market a ccess. 9 The list of measures in Article XVI also includes restrictions on the type of legal entity through which services may be suppliedfor example, requiring establishment of a subsidiary as opposed to a branch. In the GATS, national treatment and market access are specific commitments as opposed to general obligations. 10 As a result, national treatment and market access do not apply across-the-board to all services sectors instead, they apply only to sectors, subsectors, or activities that a WTO member specifically lists in its schedule of commitments. 1 If a member is making only a partial commitment to national treatment or market access within a listed sector, subsector, or activity, any limitations must be listed in its schedule. 12 The use of specific commitments for national treatment and market access instead of obligations applicable to all services sectors is in some respects a structural failing of the GATS. 13 Under a more ambitious approach, such as that used in th e NAFTAs services and investment provisions, national treatment and market access would apply in each sector unless an exception was specifically listed in a countrys schedule of slackening AND REGULATION 15 commitments or one of the public policy exceptions, such as the national security exception, applied. 14 Nondiscriminatory Structural Barriers.The second pillar of liberalization required for international contestability of markets is aimed at removing nonquantitative and nondiscriminatory structural barriers. Such barriers are associated with national measures that do not discriminate between domestic and foreign services and service suppliers. A secondpillar barrier could arise because a national measure is primarily anticompetitive or fosters anticompetitive behavior by private parties. In some cases, the barrier could be associated with the inadequacy or absence of domestic regulationfor example, the lack of an adequate domestic legal framework for insolvency. A second-pill ar barrier could also arise because of differences in national rules, including prudential rules, that make it difficult to conduct operations on a global basis.Removing second-pillar barriers goes far beyond achieving national treatment and market access. Those principles ensure that foreign services and service suppliers can enter a host-country market as presently structured and enjoy equality of competitive opportunities vis-a-vis their domestic counterparts. By contrast, second-pillar liberalization represents an effort to create maximum potential competitive opportunities in a host-country market. Achieving this could require major domestic structural reform. This would necessarily involve some degree of convergence of national regulatory systems, either de facto or through negotiated harmonization. A longstanding U. S. rohibition on affiliations between banks and insurance companies in the United States, which was repealed in 1999, created a major second-pillar barrier for m any years. 15 Indeed, the European Union had found it difficult to accept that a European financial conglomerate that included both a bank and an insurance company could engage in only one of these businesses in the United States. Regardless of whether this nondiscriminatory restriction was primarily anticompetitive or could have been justified as a prudential measure, it nonetheless constituted a barrier to trade in financial services. Significant second-pillar barriers are often associated with national regulatory regimes for asset-management services. 16 These include 6 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS across-the-board prohibitions on delegation of functions, such as portfolio management and administrative operations, by the host-country office to a foreign affiliate extremely strict asset-allocation requirements for a domestic mutual fund or pension fund and rules that prohibit such funds from investing in foreign securities. 17 While asset management activitie s raise legitimate prudential concerns about ensuring adequate protection of hostcountry customers, these types of measures often serve primarily to restrict rivalry, particularly competition from foreign firms (see chapter 5).Nondiscriminatory structural barriers to trade in financial services are not limited to financial sector regulation. Barriers in other areas that are particularly important for the effective functioning of the financial services sector, such as lack of adequate frameworks for corporate governance or insolvency, are part of the international work on strengthening domestic financial systems, which is discussed later in this chapter. Ineffective or nonexistent competition policy regimes, which could foster anticompetitive behavior by private parties, can also create major second-pillar barriers. Differences in national tax systems are still another source of second-pillar barriers.Discriminatory treatment of foreign firms under national tax or competition rules , however, would be a first-pillar barrier. 18 Second-pillar barriers can also arise from a countrys administrative proceduresin particular, a lack of regulatory transparency and procedural fairness. For example, a country might fail to publish all of its laws, regulations, and administrative decisions administer them in an indifferent manner establish a meaningful procedure for interested parties to comment on proposed regulations act on applications for licenses within a reasonable period of time or provide a mechanism for independent review of administrative decisions.Because regulatory transparency and procedural fairness can be extremely effective in ensuring that commitments to market access and national treatment are fully implemented, they constitute an important underpinning of first-pillar liberalization. The European Unions single-market program represents the most far-reaching effort to date to remove nondiscriminatory structural barriers among a group of nations. Pred icated on political agreement on goals for economic liberalization, that effort is being carried out in the context of repose AND REGULATION 17 the unique supranational legislative, judicial, and administrative structure of the European Community. 9 Even within the European Union, however, important nondiscriminatory structural barriers to trade in financial services among the member states are still in place (see chapter 5). The GATS addresses certain types of second-pillar barriers. Article III (Transparency) imposes a general transparency obligation on WTO members to publish all measures of general application that are relevant to trade in services. 20 Article VI (Domestic Regulation) addresses, in fairly general terms, barriers created by domestic regulations. It requires countries to apply such regulations in a reasonable, object glass and impartial manner to avoid undermining commitments to market access and national treatment. 1 Moreover, countries must have appropriate leg al procedures to review administrative decisions affecting trade in services. 22 Article VI also mandates that work to develop disciplines to ensure that licensing requirements or technical standards do not constitute unnecessary barriers to trade in services. Pending the completion of this work, countries must refrain from adopting licensing rules or technical standards that are so burdensome, restrictive of trade, or lacking in transparency that they undermine the benefits that could reasonably be expect from their commitments to national treatment and market access. 23 The GATS deals with additional second-pillar barriers for individual sectors in members schedules of commitments.The most far-reaching example is in basic telecommunications, where a substantial absolute majority of the countries that have made commitments to national treatment and market access in that sector have incorporated into their schedules using the additional commitments columna reference paper setting forth procompetitive regulatory principles. 24 designed for a sector where dominant suppliers often control essential host-country facilities, these principles look for to ensure that a countrys national treatment and market access commitments will not be undermined. Countries committing to the principles undertake, among other things, to maintain measures to ensure network interconnection on nondiscriminatory terms and to prevent certain anticompetitive practices. 25 In the financial services sector, most OECD countries addressed nondiscriminatory structural barriers in their 1997 schedules of commitments 18 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS imply by making a general best efforts commitment to remove or eliminate any significant adverse effects of such barriers. 26 In addition, the United States and the European Union used the additional commitments column of their schedules to make best efforts commitments to remove specified nondiscriminatory barriers. For examp le, the U. S. administration committed to try to work with the Congress to remove Glass-Steagall Act restrictions, a goal that was subsequently accomplished, while the European Union pledged that its member states would try to process applications for licenses for banking and insurance subsidiaries within specified periods of time.Japan, under great pressure from its trading partners, went further and made binding commitments regarding removal of certain second-pillar barriersincluding restrictions on asset-management services and lack of regulatory transparency and limitations on lines of business in insurancethat were covered in its bilateral financial services agreements with the United States (see chapters 4 and 5). Freedom of Capital Movements. The third pillar of liberalization involves achieving freedom of capital movements across national borders. Such movements comprise international capital proceedingsthat is, the creation, transfer of ownership, or liquidation of capital assets, including financial assetsand the payments and transfers associated with such proceeding. 27 Restrictions on international capital movements are usually imposed on the underlying transactions as opposed to the related payments and transfers. 8 For example, if a country wished to restrict foreign direct investment in the banking sector, it could prohibit foreign financial firms from acquiring significant ownership interests in host-country banks it would be unusual to try to achieve this result by permitting the acquisition of the ownership interests while using exchange controls to block payment for them. 29 Although the free movement of capital plays a critical role in allowing efficient allocation of resources on a global basis, the Asian financial crisis of 199798 revived a long-standing debate over the appropriateness and effectiveness of capital controls, particularly on short flows. 0 Nevertheless, all parties to the debate agree that capital controls can never be a substitute for sound macroeconomic policies and fundamental reforms of domestic financial and legal structures. Indeed, the Asian crisis itself punctuate that weaknesses in domestic financial systems can create significant vulnerabilities LIBERALIZATION AND REGULATION 19 as capital movements are liberalized. At present, accomplished wisdom holds that, although cunning of new capital controls should, in general, be avoided, the imposition of limited, temporary capital controls to deal with massive temporary inflows or outflows of short-term debt might be useful in some cases. 1 Moreover, it is now widely recognized that removal of existing controls must be carried out with great care. Of particular importance are the pace and appropriate sequencing of liberalization of different types of capital flows and of liberalization of capital movements vis-a-vis structural reforms to strengthen domestic financial systems. 32 Freedom of capital movements per se is not within the purview of the GATS international capital movements and international trade in financial services are, however, closely related. Establishment of a commercial presence in a host country by a foreign service supplier involves both trade in services under the GATS and international capital transactions.For example, a commitment in the GATS to liberalize financial services trade by allowing foreign financial firms to establish completely owned subsidiaries is essentially a commitment to allow foreign direct investment that involves the acquisition of 100 percent of the shares of existing or de novo hostcountry financial firms. 33 In theory it is possible that, once established, the subsidiary could conduct its ongoing activities without engaging in additional international capital transactions however, its activities would need to be limited to transactions with host-country residents involving domestic financial assets. 34 Establishment and operation of branches, which are not separately incor porated in the host country, virtually always involve international capital transactions between the banks head office and the branch. 5 These transactions include both foreign direct investment and portfolio investment. 36 For branches conducting a wholesale business, ongoing activities would typically also involve international capital transactions with unaffiliated parties. For cross-border financial services, international capital transactions are typically either integral to, or closely associated with, the provision of the service. For example, international capital transactions are an integral part of accepting deposits from or making loans to nonresidents. In addition, international capital transactions are usually, although not necessarily, associated 20 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS ith financial services such as securities trading or asset management on behalf of a customer residing in another country. 37 By contrast, certain crossborder financial ser vices, such as investment advisory services and financial information services, can be provided without an associated international capital transaction. The usefulness of investment advice might be limited, however, if the customer were prohibited from investing in foreign assets. In general, it is difficult to realize fully the benefits of liberalization of trade in financial services without freedom of capital movements. Financial services trade absolutely requires, however, the liberalization of only those capital movements that are necessary for the trade transaction to occur.In recognition of this relationship, Article XI of the GATS (Payments and Transfers) prohibits WTO members from imposing restrictions on capital transactions or associated payments and transfers that would be inconsistent with their specific commitments to liberalization of trade in services. 38 A footnote to Article XVI (Market Access) provides greater detailnamely, a country that has made a specific commi tment to market access must allow (a) capital movements that are essential for the provision of a service in mode 1 (cross-border supply) and (b) inward capital movements that are related to a service supplied through establishment of a commercial presence. 39 The bottom line is that if a country makes a commitment to liberalize trade with respect to a particular financial service in the GATS, it is also making a commitment to liberalize most capital movements associated with the trade liberalization commitment.The country is not, however, making an across-the-board commitment to freedom of capital movements. The GATS provisions dealing with capital movements, like GATS specific commitments to liberalize trade in services, are subject to a balance-of-payments safeguard. 40 Both the capital movements and balance-of-payments safeguard provisions of the GATS refer to and are consistent with the IMFs responsibilities in these areas. 41 Strengthening Domestic Financial Systems The financ ial services sector has an elaborate and intensively used framework of international fora that are used, both separately and in combination, LIBERALIZATION AND REGULATION 21 o address overall financial and regulatory policy issues to promote cooperation and coordination among supervisors to set voluntary but widely accepted international minimum standards and codes of good practices and, most recently, to provide surveillance of domestic financial systems. This surveillance includes monitoring and helping to build institutional capacitance for implementation of the international standards and codes. The international fora dealing with these issues include the Group of cardinal (G-7), the Group of Ten (G-10), the Group of Twenty (G-20), the Financial Stability Forum, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Basel Committee), and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), as well as the IMF and the World Bank. 2 The international framework for the financial services sector, which has been constructed over the past quarter century and is still evolving, is a response to two major factors the internationalization of banking and other financial activities and the special characteristics of the financial sector, especially the phenomenon of systemic risk. Because of systemic risk, problems with one financial firm can be transmitted to unrelated financial firms, both within and beyond a single country. For example, a chain reaction of problems could be triggered through onomatopoetic runs on banks as depositors lose confidence in a banking system, through default on domestic or international interbank obligations, or through domestic or international payment systems.Problems in a countrys financial sector can also affect the real economy, both domestically and internationally, through declines in output and shifts in trade flows. In addition, the existence of global financial firms, with activities falling within many different national jurisdictions, requires cooperation and coordination among home- and host-country authorities to prevent gaps in supervision. Increasingly, these global firms are financial conglomerates, which means that supervisory cooperation and coordination are necessary across financial subsectors as well as national borders. For these reasons, countries have a interest group in the quality of each others regulation and supervision of the financial sector and also in ensuring cooperation and coordination among supervisors.In this regard it is useful to distinguish between prudential regulation, which includes, for example, capital and other requirements designed to ensure the pencil eraser and 22 THE DOHA ROUND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS soundness of financial institutions, and supervision, which is aimed at making certain that financial firms adhere to such requirements. The importance of strong, effective supervision cannot be overemphasized without it, the best prudential rules c an be meaningless in practice. The extent to which both experience and good apprehension are required for such supervision also needs to be emphasized. Indeed, the role and nature of supervision make it particularly difficult for supervisory authorities to reach recognition agreements based on the harmonization of prudential rules (see chapter 5).While regulation and supervision must be strong and effective, a further complication is that a poorly designed regulatory systemfor example, an excessively generous deposit-insurance schemecan create an unacceptable degree of object lesson hazard that is, it may encourage excessive risk-taking by regulated firms. Accordingly, national regulatory and supervisory systems must be designed to complement and support, but not to substitute for, market discipline. Thus, achieving widespread transparency in both the public and private sectors, including accurate and timely disclosure of financial information, is critical