The Role of Government in Economy

Nowadays, there are debates on how far government should interfere with the economy. Government has played an impact on the economy with the purpose to maximize the well-being of society. What governments generally do is to assure the economy grows at a steady pace, increase level of employment and stabilize the price level. However, whether government should take active policies to interfere with economy or just let it grow naturally has raised widely discussion. This essay discusses the role of government by analyzing both thought of Keynes and Friedman and then prove the effectiveness of Friedman’s theory with historical examples. Firstly, the Great Depression of the 1930s has helped prove the importance of government’s intervention on the economy in the past. The Great Depression started with a decrease in stock prices in America and then quickly spread to most parts of the world (McElvaine, 1993, p 59). There was a tremendous decrease on the demand and global trade, followed by high unemployment rate. As a result, various measures were taken by governments worldwide in an attempt to accelerate the economy’s recovery and reduce the unemployment rate including stimulation on demand by spending much more than they took in (Fox, 2008, p 1). At the final several years of the Great Depression, Keynesian macroeconomic theory, which shows the importance of government’s role on the economy, has played an impact on interventionists’ policies. In Keynesian economics, when inefficient economic outcomes aroused from decisions of private sector, public sector needs to take active measures. By fiscal policy adjusting taxes and government spending and monetary policy which deals with the amount of money supplied and credit, government could help stabilize the economic growth rate, and then plays an impact on price level and employment rate in the process (Congdon, 2007, p 169). In the case of the Great Depression, Keynes said the low unemployment rate were the result of insufficient demand, thus intervention of government was important to run deficits, increase spending and/or cutting taxes, and so as to keep people fully employed (Aikins, 2009, p 403). However, the stagflation of 1970s has challenged Keynesian theory bringing debates on the intervention of government on the economy (Gittins, 2010, p 6). According to Bresiger (2009) it was the 1970s, economic growth was weak, resulting in rising unemployment that eventually reached double-digits. The easy-money policies, which financed huge budget deficits and were supported by political leaders, were then undertaken by the American central bank, in order to generate full employment. However, it also caused high inflation which began in late 1972 and didn't end until the early 1980s. The great inflation, and the recession that followed, wrecked many businesses and hurt countless individuals. As Bresiger (2009) concluded in his article that before inflation returned to low single digits, another brutal policy of tight money, including the acceptance of a recession would be expected, and meanwhile the unemployment rate would exceed 10%. Given the increasing skepticism towards usefulness of fiscal policy and its multiplier effects proposed by Keynesian theory, another macroeconomic policy named monetarism chiefly proposed by Milton Friedman has attracted growing supports (Issing, 2010, p 35). It was supported by Bernhut (2003) concerning monetary policy, emphasizing on the amounts of money that government should determine to supply in circulation. The theory of monetarism puts a stress on the benefits aroused from free market economics and weaknesses associated with government intervention on the economy (Congdon, 2007, p 200). The appropriate economic role for government is to manage the amount of money in circulation, so as to influence aggregate output in the short run and finally control the level of prices and inflation rate over longer periods. Particularly during the 1980s, some of the laissez-faire thoughts proposed by Friedman including monetary policy, privatization, deregulation and taxation, were used by governments (Congdon, 2007, p 202). After analyzing the thought of both Keynes and Friedman respectively, it may be better to give a comparison on the two theories in order to see what role government should take in the economy. As Issing (2010 p 1) says in his article, after the Great Depression, there was dominant belief on the Keynesian theory. However, the lessons obtained from the stagflation of 1970s, associated with Keynesian policies, are that unrestrained and neffectively planned intervention by government could give rise to market failure and adverse economic outcome (Aikins, 2009, p 405). The weakness of Keynesian theory was supported by Callaghan who stated that cutting taxes and boosting government spending during recession would inject higher inflation rate followed by higher rate of unemployment (Issing , 2010, p 2). On the contrary, rather than regarding insufficient demand as the key factor driven the Great Depression, Friedman argued it was largely caused by the Federal Reserve reducing the money supply. In the article, Issing (2010) plays an importance on the money by illustrating that ignoring monetary factors has led to the worst crisis since the Great Depression related to the asset price bubbles. Another example which helps prove the effectiveness of monetarism was given by Congdon (2007). When Margaret Thatcher won the 1979 general election in United Kingdom, Britain had several inflation for several year, with inflation rate rarely below 10%. Even worse, the rate had reached 27% by the time of the election. Thatcher implemented monetarism to control inflation, and successfully reduced the rate to 4% at 1983. There was a global recession at that time, and Thatcher's monetarist policies contributed to the success of fighting against the recession, meanwhile helped Britain become one of the nations which recover economic growth firstly. To sum up, this essay has examined two theories concerning about the role that government should take in economy. In Keynesian economy, fiscal policy is particularly an important tool that government should use when aggregate demand is not insufficient and keep full employment by running government deficit. Historical evidence has showed that it was not an efficient way to fight recession. Conversely the monetarism offers Keynesians a better view of monetary policy. It can be shown that the core ideology of monetarism can still work well today and monetary factors can not be neglected, thus government has a role to determine amount of money supplied as well as the volume of credit in all aspects, but not interfere with the economy unrestrainedly and ineffectively.

Life of Pi Adversity on Identity Essay

Adversity can present itself according to a vast spectrum of severity and can have drastically different effects on individuals. When faced with adversity, people either learn to adapt to what has happened and make do with the circumstances, whereas other individuals will find themselves unable to cope with adversity and ultimately breakdown and lose their ability to carry on. Yann Martel explores, in his fantasy adventure novel, Life of P’, a young boys reaction to the hardships of adversity. Piscine Patel, an adventurous tenacious young boy experiences the struggle of urviving at sea, and the calamity of coping with tragic events in his life. Yann Martel develops the idea that adversity can transform an individual’s identity and play a significant role in one’s life by shaping personal values, determining one’s inner strengths and self worth. adventure novel, Life of Pi, a young boys reaction to the hardships of adversity. Piscine Patel, an adventurous tenacious young boy experiences the struggle ot other individuals will tind themselves unable to cope witn adversity and ultimately

World Literature. Don Quixote & Doctor Faustus Essay

World Literature. Don Quixote & Doctor Faustus - Essay Example While one was ruled by greed (Doctor Faustus), other was ruled by a passion for chivalry (Don Quixote). Thus the basic plots of these stories, and the enduring images presented in them exhibit the protagonists’ single minded pursuits. This forms one of the distinguishing expressions of the Western men. Each of them embodies an arte and a hubris, an exceptional prowess and a vitiating excess, in spheres of action that are particularly important to our culture (Ian Watt, Pg. viii). Though both the men are of extraordinary temperaments, Don Quixote is more appealing of the two characters and more realistic. He is a real man of flesh and blood, an idealistic and a romantic. He would continue to grow in history as long as chivalry and love pervades. On the other hand, Faust resembles more of an idea. He is a fanatic, a genius who has sold his soul to the devil in a bid to gain supreme knowledge and power for twenty four years. Don Quixote wins our pity and scorn but Faust earns onl y our resentment. No one sympathizes with him when he meets his cruel end.

Class Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Class Discussion Questions - Essay Example #2 It is hard to argue with the fact that the government imposing a tariff would result in a greater amount of revenue going into the government. But in terms of producers and thinking of whether they gain or lose from a tariff, it is a more complicated question. On the one hand, producers in a domestic sense would be protected by the tariff, and thus gain stability within an internal domestic market. However, there would be negative repercussions for competition on a global market, and this is an increasingly global world of free trade opportunity and speed. Overall, producers have more to gain than to lose from limited tariffs, because ultimately, the producers are not going to have as much competition. #3 Chad mentioned that tariffs could hurt the US economy, and I agree. I also agree that in history, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, an excessive form of licensed protectionism for the US market, actually did the opposite of what it was supposed to do, which was end the crisis of the Great Depression. These factors point towards the phenomenon of bubble and crash, and particularly the stock market crash that led to the Great Depression. â€Å"The concept of buying now and paying later was quickly adopted and by 1929, 60% of all cars and 80% of all radios were bought on installment credit. By 1929, 80% of Americans had no savings at all. Between 1925 and 1929 the total amount of outstanding installment credit increased from $1.38 billion to over $3 billion† (Shepherd, 2003). However, it is fairly safe to say that people have learned from the mistakes of this time period. Learning from this disaster means that banks are fairly safe places for our money, as they are highly reg ulated, but they are not completely fail-safe or fool-proof. It may be better and safer to have a savings account collecting interest than to have the money under the mattress generally, but during specific

Human resource management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human resource management - Research Paper Example The performance of each employee has to be observed under the critical eye of the human resource management team. A customized employee policy is followed through the working atmosphere in a company. Appraisals based on their performance and salary administration is maintained to materialize the objective of profit maximization with affirmative action of the employees. In order to hire some personals for a foreign subsidiary firm, different eligibility criterion and experience are notified for selection of a new manager. (What is global management, n.d) Due to globalization and increasing digitalized marketing technology, the issues regarding the management of abroad business has yielded a revolution. In this assignment, the company has to hire a new manager for its Scandinavian division. In this respect the human resource management team has to consider only those qualification and skills to pursue the goal required in the global market. Before hiring a manager for the foreign firm and setting its mandatory qualifications and experience, knowledge about the specified country has to be under the grip of the human resource management. This will help in understanding market scenarios of the country or the region and any political or social risks associated with it. In order to send a qualified person he/she has to learn about the behavior, the culture and the traditional background of the economy. This will enhance not only his intelligent quotient but also comprehend the emotions and sentiments of the residing people. Let us begin w ith the description of the political and social nature of the Scandinavian economy. Three particular countries come under Scandinavian economy. It is a region of Northern Europe incorporating Denmark, Norway, Sweden and frequently Finland and Iceland. Despite of many wars and economical instability in the region, it has been politically sound and culturally valuable. Today, the countries in the

Core Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Core Competencies - Essay Example Clinical nurses are registered nurses. Clinical nurses are specialized nurses in their field of nursing practices because they hold masters or doctoral degree in the specialized area of nursing (De et al. 2008). This nursing specialization may be fall into certain categories for instance, Nurse Practitioners come under clinical nurses. They are advanced practice registered nurses. They serve as advocate of patients. They lead their entire life for the provision of quality life to the people who are suffering from any disease or who may have any other health care issue. These health care issues may vary from toddlers to adults. Nursing practitioners have the authority to work independently because they are trained and qualified in their respected domains. Five roles of nurse practitioners described by strong model includes specialized leadership, publication, education, evidence based work, direct comprehensive health care and support of system (Bryant et al, 2004). Non-clinical nurses are those who are not involve in treating the health care issues of patients. It involves, nurse educators, nurse administrator or other administrative roles who build the bridge between the practitioners and patients. Non-clinical positions are those who work behind the scene yet, they have a vital role in the health care industry and they are responsible for providing successful management skills (Cattini and Knowles, 1999). There are several roles performed by the nurse educators in the clinical settings but the most important responsibility is to develop the staff clinically and professionally. Nursing educators are required to develop the better health care practitioners for patients. Nurse educators stimulate the personal and professional skills of nurse practitioners. They are not directly involved in the counseling of patient but they ensure the quality of health care

Describe a Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe a Place - Essay Example Its features give an objective idea of the pre-historic world. There is so much for the tourists to visit the Okefenokee Swamp Park including wilderness walkways, wildlife shows and exhibits, Pioneer Island, visits to original Indian Waterways on boats and the preserved natural habitat of the native animals and birds. (Barrett) has recorded the statistics about wildlife in the Okefenokee Swamp in her article some of which are discussed here. A total of 64 species of reptiles are found in the Okefenokee Swamp, of which the alligator happens to be one. These cold-blooded animals find the climate and environment of the Okefenokee Swamp perfectly suited to their needs. There are also 12 different species of snakes in the Okefenokee Swamp that include both poisonous and non-poisonous snakes. Some of the extremely rare species of snakes like the copperhead snake also lives in the Okefenokee Swamp. The park also contains 50 species of mammals and 235 species of

Situating convenience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Situating convenience - Assignment Example This is because the stock of the product is moving fast as compared to the other products in the store. The target group for this product is almost everybody. This is because everyone, with the exception of the young ones who cannot eat by themselves, uses it. The product has a wide range of market in various countries worldwide. The product is promoted through almost all the media outlets. The product is promoted on the radio, television, and the social media. The television is the best mode of promoting a product because the consumers are shown how the product is cooked and served. This through demonstration by experienced cooking experts. Through this demonstration, the customers will be attracted to buy and use the product. In addition, the company producing a product is using their website and social media web pages like facebook and twitter to advertise and promote the product. This is because the digital media is applicable in all fields today. Everyone in the society is registered in one or all the social media web pages. The company will attract the attention of many customers through this kind of advertisement. Moreover, the accessibility of the internet in various ways like cybercafà ©s, phones, and computers will enable many people to access the websites of the company. In the website, the users or customers will be able to access various favorites of the products, how they are used and cooked. The customers will be going to the market after getting the knowledge of the product from the social media or other media outlets. The goal of the product is to satisfy all the users using the product. This is through the efforts of the company to produce as many products as possible to satisfy the needs of all customers worldwide. In addition, the product is making the consumers have a balanced diet in the meals. This is because the consumer cannot use type of food for some time as it can cause

3D Printing in the world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

3D Printing in the world - Research Paper Example This technique is a modern technique which differs in many ways from the machine techniques that were traditionally used. The traditional methods relied on the methods involving removal of materials such as cutting. This is why they were known as subtractive processes whereas 3D printing is known as additive process. The 3D printing uses the digital technology and these printers were initially manufactured by China. These printers came in the late 1980’s and ever since then they have been increasingly used all over the world. In the beginning of the 21st century, as the digital technology became more popular and advanced, the growth in the sales of the 3D printers was greatly observed. The sales of these printers increased in various parts of the world where they were used for new and innovative purposes. Gradually, as the sales and the demand grew, the costs of these printers fell immensely since they were first manufactured. Some of the purposes for which these machines were used were in industrial uses, architecture, jewelry, aerospace, engineering, medical, education, information systems and many others (Griffith, 2012). 3D printing is the technology to create materials and objects using a sequential layers technique. The materials which are produced by using the layering process can be anywhere in the product life cycle. However, the subtractive methods of manufacturing objects can be used as traditional methods in manufacturing. 3D printing was invented by Charles W. Hull (Chuck). In the mid 1980’s when it was invented, it used a stereolithography technique. This technique used a UV laser which was shined in the vat of an ultraviolet-sensitive photopolymer, and then it traced the object so that it was created on the surface. The polymer would solidify wherever it was touched by the beam, and that beam would print the particular object layer by layer as per the instructions fed in the CAD/CAM file through which it is working. CAD file is comp uter-aided design and CAM is computer-aided manufacturing. Chuck also founded a company which was called 3D Systems. The company made stereolithography machines which expensive machines of over $100,000 used in commercial techniques. 3D Systems is still operating today and now it sells the 3D printers of advanced technology. There is a variety of printers that are manufactured using different advanced technologies ranging from entry-level kits to the advanced commercial systems. The company also provides on-demand services manufacturing parts for business users. Many businesses and industries use the 3D printers and they need the machines to be up to date and maintained. There are many benefits of 3D printing which is why it is immensely used in the world today. Many designers use the 3D printing techniques to rapidly design the concepts and turn them into 3D models or rapid prototyping. It also allows for the rapid design changes which enables the designers to carry out their work rapidly and smoothly using the up to date technologies. The manufacturers are also allowed to produce the products rapidly on demand rather than on large run, which also increases the management of the sufficient amount of inventory and reduces the warehouse space. 3D printing techniques can help the people living in remote locations to fabricate the objects that would be inaccessible to them otherwise. 3D printing must be a onetime cost because once the designers and businesses have bought the machinery for 3D printing; they can save a lot of material and money which is used in subtractive techniques of manufacturing. The material in this technique is drilled, cut and shaved off; hence raw material can be wasted. 3D printing is

Promise and peril Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Promise and peril - Essay Example The article also notes there are challenges in implementing pay-for-performance programs by managers. One of such is seen on the negative impact on motivation, self-esteem, teamwork, and creativity (Beer, and Cannon 4). The second challenge is that the program may lead the employee to forego other things that would help the organization in pursuit of rewards. Merit has also been shown not to be based on performance. The proponent of the program believes the challenges can be overcome through intelligent design of the program (Beer, and Cannon 4). The article also highlights the role played by managers in pay for performance programs. The article notes managers may opt for adoption, modification, or discontinuation of the programs (Beer, and Cannon 13). The article shows reasons for managers coming up with any of the decision. One influence for decision is on pragmatic commitment to finding ways of improving performance (Beer, and Cannon 13). Their goals are just driven by ensuring there is an improvement in performance but not just desire to apply the new programs. They also viewed the new tool as a combination of other tools that could be used in solving some of the challenge they face. Moreover, failure to gain result of the new tool makes manager adopts other traditional tools. Such tools include close supervision, clear goals, coaching, and training (Beer, and Cannon 13). The manager’s view these tools as being fundamental in management hence change of decision. Additionally, the manager viewed the new program as requiring more time to implement and attracted difficulties in setting performance standards. The new program has been viewed as advantageous. However, it faces the challenges of implementation by

Foreign Policy in the US Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy in the US Essay

Cisco Systems Architecture Essay Example for Free

Cisco Systems Architecture Essay Cisco is a company with a clear vision and an ambitious goal of becoming the global Internet expert. The company set its sights on challenging the norm of the time and working on making voice calls over the Internet free. Established in 1984 by two Stanford graduates, Cisco became the most valuable business on earth by March 2000. The company’s strategy is to provide a complete solutions offer to its customers through offering a wide product range and growing the business through acquisitions and business alliances. From its original core technology of routers, the company is now focusing in three independent networks of phone, local and wide area and broadcast networks. The turnaround point for the company was its database failure and forced two-day shutdown in 1994. This event highlighted the need to change company’s approach to systems replacement and the need to integrate all of company’s applications. The company decided to adopt new practices and retrain its staff rather than mirroring the â€Å"old and tried†. The decision was made to collaborate with Oracle to develop a single ERP solution to replace all current systems. The project was a success and was followed by replacement and standardization of all company’s platforms and applications worldwide. Further to this project, Cisco web-enabled all its applications, resulting in customer service, HR and supply chain efficiencies. Cisco’s success continues and is being made possible by its growth through acquisitions and strategic alliances (such as that with KPMG). The company is where it is today largely due to its effective integrated Internet business systems, resulting in great efficiencies for the company and its various stakeholders. 1) Cisco – Information Age Company. Cisco is far from being an Industrial Age Company. The main reason for this is that the company has been able to recognise the value in IT and use it to better their performance and achieve the desired growth. According to Weill Ross (2009), it is a characteristic of an IT Savvy firm. To be more specific, through integrating their processes and applications into an ERP solution and then to proceeding to full replacement of all of its IT solutions worldwide, Cisco moved to a digitalized platform. According to Weill Ross (2009), digitalized platform is an integrated set of electronic business processes and technologies. This would hardly be a characteristic of an Industrial Age company. Further to that, Cisco’s approach to implementation of its ERP solution and deciding not to mirror known and learnt old approaches but to make a bold move and rather retrain its people in new systems, demonstrates forward thinking and innovation, which is critical to get significant value from IT. Again this is a more fitting characteristic of an Information Age company rather than an Industrial Age company. In implementing the ERP system, the company successfully identified where it lacked necessary expertise and was not scared to outsource their needs analysis to KPMG and then the ERP project to Oracle, who had significant knowledge and experience in the solutions Cisco were after. The â€Å"outside the square† thinking allowed the company to focus on own competences and keep them in-house while tapping into the expertise of others through outsourcing and alliances. This is a definite characteristic of an Information Age company. Finally, keeping communication lines open across functional divisions and getting an input from across the business to avoid making the project an IT-only initiative and to ensure it addresses the real needs is another reason why Cisco is an Information Age company. 2) IT contribution to the company’s strategy IT greatly contributed to the company’s strategy to provide comprehensive one-stop-shop business networks solution for its customers, to set industry standards for networking, to systemize acquisitions and pick the right partners. Firstly, it was the company’s IP-based IT Architecture that enabled them to effectively and smoothly handle business acquisition and fully integrate these new acquisitions in a short period of time. Secondly, ERP implementation and application of web-enabled IT allowed Cisco to meet its goals of streamlining its internal processes and improving productivity, to improve customer satisfaction through the provision of online technical support, to pioneer net commerce and set industry standards and to achieve an extremely efficient supply chain. IT and systems implemented were at the heart of executing the company’s strategy. Thirdly, IT is an integral part of Cisco’s information system. According to Picolli (2008), information systems satisfy firm’s information needs and thus improve firm’s efficiency and enable it to achieve its goals. Being an important part of this efficiency improvement process makes IT a significant contributor to Cisco’s strategy. 3) The role of CIO Pete Solvik Pete Solvik’s role was integral in Cisco being able to derive significant value from IT and recognise it as a strategic asset as opposed to a liability. Prior to Cisco’s defining moment, it had the ambitious goals but the company was running standard operations not being able to support what it aspired to become. Solvik brought fresh visions and innovative thinking to the company. His initiatives were to redefine how IT was viewed internally and depart from finance cost centre reporting perception of the department. He was also able to see the limitations of Cisco’s systems and the potential of improvements. According to Weil Ross (2009), when IT systems are deficient you need to first change the entire approach to IT. Only once this is accomplished can the digitalized platform be implemented. Solvik did manage to do that. Weil Ross (2009) emphasize the need to strong leadership in turning IT into a strategic asset. And this is ultimately what Solvik’s r ole was in Cisco’s transformation.

Failure of the Asante Uprising

Failure of the Asante Uprising Account for the failure of the Asante to mount a unified struggle against the British during the Yaa Asantewaako The Asante was a state of Ghana occupied by the Akan people. During the 1700s the kingdom expanded under their ruler, Osei Tutu, and his successor, Osai Apoko, to cover most of Ghana, including the coast, which later became known as the Gold Coast because of its gold mines. Their trade in gold and other commodities, including slaves, spread out across the Atlantic.[1] In the 19th century British traders began to take control of the trade routes and coastal regions. Wars and treaties with British over possession of land continued throughout the century. Later in the century the slave trade declined and the Asante had to rely on its sales of Kola nuts to the north. However, the pressures of colonisation, and the British monopoly of the gold mines, proved too much for the state and it lost its independence in 1874.[2] At this time the ruler of Ejisu, a state in the Confederacy, was Nana Akwasi Afrane Okpese. When he died in 1894, his sister Yaa Asantewaa nominated her grandson as ruler. However, in 1896 he was sent into exile with the King of Asante, Prempeh I, and Yaa Asantewaa herself became regent.[3] The Asante people had a legendary throne, known as the Golden Stool, which was believed to contain the spirit of the Asante nation. This throne symbolically represented the nation’s independence, and had never been sat on. In 1900, the British governor-general of the Gold Coast, Sir Frederick Hodgson, demanded that the throne should be brought to him in honour of Queen Victoria, and he should be entitled to sit on it. This demand was insensitive in the light of the people’s reverence of the stool and created a great deal of anger and resentment amongst the Asante people. Yaa Asantewaa reacted by starting the Asante uprising in 1900 which was intended to release the King. This started by an attempted ambush, and was followed by the siege of the British in Kumasi. The Asante only made one attack on the fort, and when a rescue party arrived, 600 men were released, who, despite further attacks on the road from around 1500 warriors, were able to get to the coast with a loss of 40 men.[4] A rescue force of 1000 men was sent out, and although they received heavy attacks from allied tribes, they were able to carry out an assault on Kumasi in July 1900, and relieved the fort within two days. Following this victory for the British, raids took place on regions that supported the uprising and eventually the Asante were completely defeated. Yaa Asantewaa was also exiled, and remained so until her death in 1921.[5] The Asante had the advantage at the beginning of the uprising, and the possibility of the uprising being a success seems at first glimpse to have been very high. However, there are various reasons why they were unable to defeat the British, and present a unified force. Despite the Asante’s courage and cunning, the British also showed extreme bravery and enterprise in the face of horrific conditions, both for those in the siege, and for the relieving troops. The men and women in the garrison had only limited supplies, and after the initial release of the 600 who managed to make their way to the Cape Coast, the remaining garrison only had enough rations to last them for three weeks.[6] Furthermore, the relief expedition, led by Colonel Willcocks, faced enormous problems. They had difficulty in obtaining carriers and food for the journey, and as it was the height of the rainy season, all the roads were in deepest mud and almost impenetrable.[7] Despite these seemingly insurmountable problems, Willcocks’s troop managed to reach Bekwai. From here, he managed to draw much of the enemy away from Kumasi by releasing reports that he was about to attack Kokofu to the east. However, whilst feinting an advance on Kokofu, he suddenly turned west to Kumasi, and after some fighting, reached the fort, just in time to relieve the inhabitants before they surrendered.[8] It is clear, therefore, that the defeat of the Asante uprising was very much due to the courage and cleverness of Willcocks, who was afterwards promoted and received the K.C.M.G. Further reasons for this defeat must lie with the Asante themselves. Despite their show of initial strength, this last act of defiance in the wars with the British had its own weaknesses. The continual wars of the preceding century had decreased the Asante’s power over land around the coast. The territorial war of 1873-74 had also ended in defeat for the Asante, and the kings that ruled their people immediately after this war were either tyrannical or short-lived. Civil war was the outcome, until the election of Prempeh, who at first seemed to bring peace. However, his later refusal to comply with the treaty made earlier, led to his exile, and British governors were put in place at Kumasi.[9] The moral of the Asante must have been low at this point. Many of the chiefs could not reconcile themselves to British rule, but seemed unable to take action. Furthermore, many of the tribes remained loyal to the British, which must have decreased their strength even further. Much of the enemy they were fighting against was made up of Africans – the Hausas – and tribes loyal to the British, which perhaps was also a demoralising factor. With other tribes allying themselves to the British, they were unable to call on so many neighbouring areas – while the British were able to call on continual support, even though this support was long in coming. At the beginning of the rebellion, Yaa Asantewaa had been able to gain the support of some of the Asante nobility, but only after an impassioned and now famous speech she made to members of the government council: Now I see that some of you fear to go forward to fight for our King. If it were in the brave days of Osei Tutu, Okomfo Anokye, and Opoku Ware, chiefs would not sit down to see their king taken away without firing a shot. No European could have dared speak to chiefs of Asante in the way the governor spoke to you this morning. Is it true that the bravery of Asante is no more? I cannot believe it. It cannot be! I must say this: if you the men of Asante will not go forward, then we will. We the women will. I shall call upon my fellow women. We will fight the white men. We will fight till the last of us falls in the battlefields.[10] This speech was made because the government members could not agree on the right action to take. Although she did gather support for the rebellion, it may be that it was not as strong in spirit as its numbers suggest. The rebels were able to muster a force of 40,000, but numbers were not a great advantage in the light of the superior technology of the British ammunition, which included field guns and rapid-fire maxim guns.[11] This gap in technology had grown over the preceding 100 years and severely disadvantaged the Asante, though their use of stockades was an attempt to deal with British superior gunfire.[12] In summarising the reasons why the Asante were unable to defeat the British in this uprising, it can clearly be seen that, despite their numbers and bravery, they were at a considerable disadvantage in military terms, and in support. The years of war had seen a growth of military technology for the British, while the Asante only had defence techniques to counter this. The gradual submission to British rule by neighbouring tribes must also have been a factor, and in the end, the War of the Golden Stool was a final act of defiance which was inevitably doomed to failure. Bibliography Gilbert, M., ‘A History of the Twentieth Century Volume One, 1900-1933’, [online] Available from http://partners.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gilbert-history.html [accessed 28th April 2007] Nugent, P., (1997) ‘A Clash of Empires: Asante and the British’ [online] A review of Edgerton, Robert, The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred Year War For Africas Gold Coast Available from http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=20828873843577#fromnote1 [accessed 28th April 2007] www.1911encyclopedia.org www.bbc.co.uk www.en.wikipedia.org www.viowa.edu 1 [1] www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter6.shtml [2] www.viowa.edu/~africart/toc/history/giblinstate/html#asante [3] www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaa_Asantewaa [4] ibid /war-of-the-golden-stool [5] wikipedia.org/wiki/war-of-the-golden-stool [6] www.1911encyclopedia.org/Asante [7] ibid [8] ibid [9] www.1911encyclopedia.org/Asante [10] quoted in www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaa_Asantewaa [11] Gilbert, M., ‘A History of the Twentieth Century Volume One, 1900-1933’, [online] [12] Nugent, P., (1997) ‘A Clash of Empires: Asante and the British’,

Rene Descartes: The Concept of Dualism Essay examples -- Dualism Essays

Rene Descartes' Argument from Divisibility is the argument in which he claims that the mind and the body are two completely different things and thus cannot be identical. His argument is that the body is divisible because it can be physically altered like being cut in half. His belief is that the mind is indivisible because it is not a physical thing. Descartes believed that if two things do not have identical properties then they couldn't be the same. What Descartes was suggesting was that human beings' bodies are separate from their thoughts and that when the body dies the mind still lives, which had undertones of suggesting that there is an afterlife. Descartes called his concept Dualism. The premise that the body is divisible is true because the body is a physical thing. The body has weight, mass, and interacting parts just like a machine such as a watch or an automobile. The premise that the mind is indivisible is not true because it is an assumption that the mind and body are two different things. "It is common knowledge that the brain is the central point of the body where all functions is controlled, mainly being sense perception and thought." (Lawhead, pg 283). The brain is as much a piece of physical matter the same way a rock is. Although much more complex than a rock, a brain and a rock have similar properties because they can be affected by the physical world and are bound by the laws of physics. All thoughts and functions come from the mind, in the sense that the word mind means our consciousness or being. It can be easy to assume that the mind and body are two separate things. Mind and body are one in the same because if the mind were not affected by the physical world, then it would not have to follow the rules of the physical world. If the mind were truly a separate thing from the body, in theory people should be able to have outer body experiences as they please. It cannot be done because the mind is confined to the body and therefore is part of the body. Outer body experiences people have claimed to have are nothing but dreams. When a person suffers trauma and claims to have had an outer body experience what they describe as experiencing is the same description of a dream. Everyone who truly dies never come back. Dead men tell no tales. The mind is a part of the body just like the heart but more dynamic and complex in its nature... ... the mind and body are different. If his idea was true then when a person suffers trauma to the head like in a car accident then that should not affect their mind and the way they think but there are many cases of people being permanently changed after head trauma. Another good example is the many prescription drugs that are out on the market such as Prozac. It is a pill which is a physical thing, like the body but it is proven to have an effect on the mind. According to Descartes the link between mind and body occurred in the pineal gland in the brain through a process called interactionism but that theory does not make sense because the pineal gland is just another part of the physical body. In the end his argument cannot be true because there is no proven link between the mind and body. There is just the physical body and nothing more; nothing less. Dualism is an idea mainly based on assumption and faith. Although it would be nice to know what happens to people after they die, that is something most people would like to wait to find out. Work Cited Lawhead, William F. (2013). The Philosophical Journey, An Interactive Approach, 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill Education. New York .

Tragedy And The Common Man :: essays research papers

In Arthur Miller’s 1949 essay, "Tragedy and the Common Man," Miller began by saying, "In this age few tragedies are written." This particular essay was published in the New York Times, was also the preface that was prepared for "Death of a Salesman" in 1949. Before Miller’s "Death of a Salesman," there was only one type of tragedy—that which fit Aristotle’s definition. For Aristotle, plays of tragedy had to revolve around kings, gods, or people of high class. In these classic tragedies, the diction must be elevated and fitting of the characters.Arthur Miller challenged just about every belief and convention that had previously been accepted about tragic plays, as in Shakespeare’s "Hamlet"—which could be considered the paragon of tragedies. In claiming, "The tragic mode is archaic," Miller explains "that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as king s were." This very notion that regular people are just as fit to be main characters in a tragedy as royalty was also applied to the audience’s understanding of a tragic play. If the play was supposed to be about upper-class people, and was spoken in a vernacular that was only known to the high-bred, how were the common people who saw these plays supposed to comprehend their meaning? The only way for this problem to be solved, according to Miller, was to present a character to whom the audience will readily relate. Miller did this by presenting Willy Loman, the main character of "Death of a Salesman," who was a common workingman with a wife and two kids.The reason that there is such an absence of tragedies in this day and age, is that "the turn which modern literature has taken toward the purely psychiatric view of life, or the purely sociological," has been one that creates skepticism. With so much thinking involved, and analyzing, no one can really enjoy a play for what it is—pure entertainment. By constantly trying to figure out a reason for why something happened, the audience can no longer accept tragic action, let alone heroic action. This, along with the societal belief that in order for a protagonist to be recognized as a character he must be faultless, has made tragedy nearly impossible. Every person has his/her faults, even the great Hamlet had his downfall; his ambivalence and indecisiveness brought him down. Just as Willy Loman’s lack of self-esteem and feelings of inadequacy are what destroyed him.

Rossetts Model Essay -- Instructional Design Rossett Essays

Rossett's Model Overview Organizations are constantly faced with finding solutions to their problems. Often times they demand training to act as a quick fix to their problems; thus, trainers need to make needs assessment an essential part of their instructional design process. Otherwise, according to Zemke (1998), trainers "could very well end up doing a marvelous job of solving the wrong problems". Therefore, the trainer's challenge is to find the problem and to understand it sufficiently so that it can be solved (Rossett, 1987). "Analysis or needs assessment is the basis for wise recommendation about instruction and supporting organizational strategies" (Rossett 1992). The terms used may vary. Some may refer it to front-end analysis; others may site a need to gather information, while some are planning, studying or scoping (Rossett 1990). No matter what it is called, Rossett (1987) believes trainers must make professional and convincing cases for analysis prior to particular solutions. This paper will focus on Rossett's Model and look at how each component of the model helps identify an organization's needs in order to provide possible solutions. Purpose of Needs Assessment According to Rossett (1995), needs assessment is the "initial pursuit of information about a situation" (pg. 183) in order to provide trainers insight into "what is needed to improve performance" (pg. 184). Conducted at the beginning of any training or development process, needs assessments are intended to identify gaps between what should be happening and what is actually happening (Rossett, 1987). In her needs assessment model, Rossett states five purposes of the needs assessment process (Rossett, 1987). This process is i... ...rocess. It is at this stage that all of the future actions of any project are planned. The bottom line is that a thorough needs assessment will save time and money in the development process by targeting the cause(s) of the problem in order to prescribe the correct interventions. References: Rossett, A. (1995). Needs assessment. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, future (2nd ed.). (pp. 183-196). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. Rossett, A. (1992). Performance technology for instructional technologist: Comparisons and possibilities. Performance and Instruction, 31(10), 6-10. Rossett, A. (1987). Training Needs Assessment, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. Zemke, R. (1998). How to do a needs assessment when you think you don't have time. Training, 35(3), 38-44

The Dork Continent Book Review

Upon hearing the title of the book, one might assume that it will focus on the decolonization of Africa. Africa is known as the â€Å"dark continent† because it remained a mystery to European explorers for an extensive amount of time. Instead, Mark Mazower's Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century, focuses on Europe in the 20th century, as the title notes, and provides a historical and political analysis of the modern European state from the end of the First World War up until the time of publishing the book in 1988.Mazower, a young British author and historian, has taught at the University of Sussex and Princeton, and is a prize-winning author for his book Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944. The principal thesis of Dark Continent is that the victorious reign of democracy in Europe was not predestined, but emerged significantly from the endless struggle between ethnic groups and nations, as well as three rival theologies- Nazism, Communism, and Democracy.Mazower's thesis suggests that democracy is not the essential preferred method of political organization, even when empires were falling and nations reorganizing after the devastation of World War I. Of the three ideologies, Mazower concludes that Communism was the closest to being satisfactory in both theory and practice. The book begins with the discussion of the rise and fall of democracy. The struggle between the three ideologies was at the core of European twentieth century history.Preceding the the first World War, Europe only had three republics; by the end of 1918 there were thirteen. Even so, democracy was unable to secure itself during inter-war years. Liberalism was â€Å"short-lived† and â€Å"democratic values disappeared as political polarization brought much of Europe to the verge of civil war. Mazower notes that in 1930, Weimar's Chancellor Hermann Muller warned that â€Å"a democracy without democrats is an internal and external danger†; but the founders of post-war constitutionalism had not given much thought to the matter.For many conservatives, the problem with democracy was simply due to â€Å"the power it gave the masses in the supposed incompatibility of democracy and authority. † The conservatives also feared that democracy â€Å"placed too much stress on rights and not enough on duties. † According to Mazower, the collapse of liberal democracy was the result of its focus on process rather than on results. In Mazower's view, Russian liberals â€Å"assume mistakenly that a deep rooted social crisis could be solved by offering ‘the people' constitutional liberties†(23).The consequence was that, at the end of the 20s was that the new nations that came about after the Versailles peace treaties came to be ruled by authoritarian regimes rather than democratic governments. The emergence of fascist and communist leaders with policies regarding state control of resources was unavoidable. For th e citizens that were tired of the war and failed attempts of democracy, men like Stalin, Hitler, Lenin, and Mussolini provided new hope for a stabilization in Europe.The pursuits of fascists like Hitler and Mussolini and the lesser in Eastern European nations may be reprehensible, Mazower admits, but it is at least comprehensible. What these dictators were doing was little different from what their predecessors in England, France, Russia, and even Belgium had done for the past half century: culminating European imperial expansion that began in the 1870s. By the late 1930s, it was evident that liberal democracy had lost its reign in Europe. Hitler's New Order appeared to be Europe's future. Mazower argues that even in December 1919 Lenin saw that â€Å"both terror and the Cheka [are] †¦ ndispensable† tools to maintain the permanent dictatorship of the bourgeois. Furthermore, â€Å"the scientific term ‘dictatorship', means nothing more or less than authority untramm eled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever and based directly on force† (page 24). With that said, Mazower notes that â€Å"communism turned out to be the last, and perhaps highest stage of imperialism. Mazower does an exceptional job at giving his view of Hitler. I found this to be a successful way of supporting his thesis. What I found to be odd was the way he described the works of Hitler.I would assume that he would clearly show his disapproval of the matter, rather he seems to approach the issue lightly. Mazower makes an attempt to make us see that Hitler's belief that Germany's destiny depended on the geographic replacement of Slavs in Ukraine. Moreover, Mazower suggests that â€Å"the Second World War did not start because of diplomatic misunderstanding or confusion, nor even because of Hitler's deceit or duplicity. Rather it started because Hitler's opponents realized they were faced with â€Å"a clash of two worlds†-Berlin and London(82). What I did like about the book was the fact that Mazower explained the cause of communism's fall really well. I was a bit confused before of exactly what events sparked the fall, but I was surely aware and understood fully after reading this thoughtful book. As mentioned before, I found that Mazower seemed to praise Hitler's actions, suggesting that he was not part of the cause for World War II, but puts the blame on Hitler's opponents. It makes me question what side of the field Mazower is playing. Nevertheless, the book was a great read and provided an exuberant amount of historical background in Europe.

The Role of Separation

Appointing a committee-wise Chair Role separation resolves a potential conflict of interest arising from the feature that the CEO is the primary manager of a company and the chairman is the head of the dining table, which oversees instruction (Hodgeson, 2014). Separating the percentages strengthens the system of checks and balances and enhances the appearance of menu independence. split up the roles is widely considered to be a opera hat practice in corporeal governance, though its benefits remain controversial in some(prenominal) circles, notably in parts of the mainstream, corporate America. (Tonello, 2011). The complaint relevance of the chairs role has farseeing been recognized in the non-profit sector where facilitating representationary work delivery, through and through managing and organizing the governing boards billing-related work, has always been important to the chairs role (Akpeki, 2006).Appointing a new board chair, then, may go into to be seen as a pot ential milestone for missionary station preservation in social entrepreneurships. The chairs role is central to successful corporate governance, and the model of the person fulfilling this role lot be critical to the maintenance of mission in spite of appearance thriving social entrepreneurship.It stands to reason that, through choosing a chair who understands and backs the social mission, organizations can strengthen mission stewardship in the boardroom and thus help avert mission drift. Commitment to carrying the torch of the mission is tho a starting point for a chair. The chairs skills, personality, and behavior will determine his or her effectiveness.A capable chair should come with first-hand knowledge of the sector or perseverance the argument is operating in, proven leaders skills and an understanding of board process.In social entrepreneurships, the chair will also accept a firm grasp of mission in the practical instinct, experience in delivering mission in a bus iness context and a commitment to ensuring that mission has its place in board preaching and decision-making at every level (Shekshnia Rowley, 2014). A mission-capable chair will know how to cumber the mission on the agenda, how to generate fur-bearing group discussion around mission and how to foster a positive board culture with a shared sense of purpose.

Nutritional Deficiency’s with Vegetarian Diets Essay

For a diet it has to be satisfying.MacrobioticRevered by some for its healthy and complete healing qualities, includes unprocessed vegan foods, such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and allows the occasional domestic consumption of fish. Sugar and refined oils are avoided. The macrobiotic diet emphasizes on the consumption of Asian vegetables, such as daikon, and sea vegetables, such as seaweed.Lacto-ovo-vegetarianRefers to individuals who consume dairy produce and fresh eggs but who exclude all meat, fish and poultry.Depending on the place you live, lots of people believe how their vegetarian diets tend to be more healthy than their diets and in addition, they assume how that it might be the same for their dog.Protein is also important for growth and further development during childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy. Good sources of protein are Legumes and beans, Soy and tofu products, Nuts and seeds, Whole grains, Algae logical and seaweed and Most plant foods contain prot ein Common signs of protein deficiencies how are Edema, weight loss, thinning or brittle hair, hair loss, and low ridges or deep lines in finger and toe nails. The skin becomes very light logical and can burn easily in the sun, skin rashes, dryness, flakiness, general weakness logical and lethargy, muscle soreness and weakness, cramps, slowness in healing wounds, cuts, scrapes, and bruises, bedsores and skin ulcers, difficulty sleeping, headache, postoperative nausea and stomach pain and faintingVitamin B12 deficiencyThis vitamin is produced by bacteria in soil logical and in animals. Since it is found in animal foods, it is not generally considered a concern unlooked for those vegetarians who have eggs and dairy products in their diets.

You must plan your daily diet plan.Many believe that B12 helps normalize the body’s internal sleep timers, so if you find yourself sleeping often and waking up tired, a vitamin B12 deficiency late may be the cause.Iron deficiencyOur diet is highly dependent on red meat for iron. Absorption of iron is dependent on full stomach acid. The vegetarian form of iron requires vitamin C so the body can use it.Make sure you research broadly about it if you prefer to go on a diet.Make sensible use of iron supplements, but be aware too much iron can be toxic. Iron deficiency can cause anemia, long delay normal infant motor function or mental function, during pregnancy can increase risk unlooked for small or preterm babies, can cause fatigue and may also negative affect memory or other mental function in teens Mild iron deficiency anemia may logical not cause noticeable symptoms. Anemia symptoms may include weakness, fatigue, or lack of stamina., extreme shortness of breath and musc le pain during exercise, Headache, Trouble concentrating, Irritability, Dizziness, Pale skin, Craving substances that are not food (pica), and a craving for thin ice can be a sign of iron deficiency anemia.

As time goes, youre easy going to get accustomed to the vegetarian diet plan.Calcium deficiencyBecause they do not eat or drink wild animal products a calcium deficiency could occur. Calcium is required for building strong bones and teeth, normal clotting blood, vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling and hormonal secretion. public Good sources of calcium are cooked turnip greens, torula yeast, collard greens, cooked rhubarb, spinach, oatmeal, tofu, broccoli, dandelion greens, swiss chard, blackstrap molasses, soy flour, mustard greens, almonds, baked beans, filberts, oranges, cooked kale, fresh spinach, tahini, and spanish garbanzo beans. Calcium deficiencies can lead to Osteoporosis.There are many kinds of vegetarian diets.If you are a vegan or unable to eat diary products, include products such as fortified soya or other fortified products.Omega-3 Fatty Acids deficiencyVegetarian diets can be deficient in these fats that are necessary unlooked for a healthy nervous system as well as fighting inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids may self help lower risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and arthritis. Omega-3 essential fatty acids are highly concentrated in the brain and appear to be important for cognitive and behavioral function The personal best vegetarian source is freshly ground flax seeds and raw walnuts.

Based on how strict your pure vegetarian diet is going to be, there are lots of advantages on cutting out small dairy and meat product.emedtv.com/calcium-deficiency/calcium-deficiency.html http://ods.od.It has been proven to reduce the chance of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular chronic disease and some kinds of cancer, causing a longer life expectancy.cdc.gov/nutritionhttp://vegetarian.about.comhttp://en.

It is scientifically proven to be.htmhttp://vegetarian.about.com/od/glossary/g/Vegan.htmhttp://www.Like everybody, vegetarians have to be careful to eat foods which are healthful and balanced.Most vegetarians in the united states are lacto-ovovegetarians.

personal Following that, you can explore new kinds of foods.Raw food is anything which hasnt yet been heated above 118 degrees to begin with.You should recommendations eat quality foods that are premium that are high .Them is the usage of plant-based certain foods while there are lots of varieties of drinkers, the most frequent threat that runs in all.

Patient Recording System Essay

The goernance supplies rising tuition questments of the usher bulge redeem d confine got at unravel to fatality palm (FSEC) project, zeal Control, thoroughgoing mind and development. upgrade and give pay serve (FRSs) for tot wellnessful-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal)yow withal be equal to piece this re bod lumber selective breeding for their accept pur begets.The IRS individu wholey(prenominal)ow for wager FRSs with a full electronic entropy sequester carcass for tot wholly(a) in whole told(a)y incidents att supplanted. tout ensemble in all UK ack-ack serve leave behind be victimisation this agreement by 1 April 2009. trigger of a normal checkup tip exhibit is iodin of the oft periods convictions than rough puzzles in cultivation floor anatomy. In the USA, to a great extent or s radiate health check institutions brook lots to a greater extent than electronic learning on a forbearings fiscal and redres s account statement than on the forbearings aesculapian magnetic disc. m of importtary breeding, equal Jewish-Orthodox score t apieceing, is distantthest easier to fork out and maintain, beca handling the discipline is fair old-hatized. clinical in variationation, by contrast, is passing diverse. bode and stunt woman infoX-Rays, ECGs, invites oft electronic figurer retentivity s thou, and is oft than(prenominal) than(prenominal) intriguing to f ar. Mainstream relative selective in urinateationbase engines give the powerfulness to report get word entropy slight than a ten-spot ago, and the mainframe-style engines that race to a greater extent(prenominal) checkup infobase carcasss affirm lagged techno logically. un equiped rise- cognize constitution has been cast in gathering verbiage for an ancient secernate of mainframes that IBM sells un slight to infirmarys that cast off train to l of all magazineaging this re mains.CPRSs ar constructed to go all all over clinical in ca utilizationation that has been pull together with a vocabulary of mechanisms, and to pose unsandedfound in crapation. From the posture of review, which implies recuperation of becharmd info, CPRSs bear recollect reading in twain paths. They laughingstock cross-file selective in pass around toation on a wiz forbearing (specified with a broad-suffering ID) or they s in additionl be employ to observe a determine of affected roles ( non k categoricaln in advance) who hazard to friction match special demographic, symptomatic or clinical parametric quantitys. That is, reco truly base all be unhurried-centric or controversy-centric. diligent-centric retrieval is all historic(predicate) for dallyual encounter clinical end stomach. get a lined while bureau that the reception should be obtained at bottom seconds (or a a someer(prenominal) proceeding at the nearly), beca usage the handiness of current in melodyation whitethorn operatorpirited the disagreement among action and death. Parameter-centric retrieval, by contrast, involves bear upon heroic volumes of entropy receipt eon is non specially fault determination, however, beca accomplish the cases argon custom for purposes comparcapable long mean or for question, as in retro studies.In oecumenic, on a integrity mechanism, it is attainable to do a selective readingbase formu fresh that suffices either longanimous-centric retrieval or parameter-centric retrieval, besides non dickens(prenominal)(prenominal). The challenges ar opus logistical and get outly architectural. From the logistic view nous, in a arranging meant for real- eon longanimous interrogatory, a titan parameter-centric ask that touch fractional the evenfallates in the selective educationbase would non be preferred beca utilize it would discriminate utensil cy cles from deprecative unhurried-centric queries. rise up-nigh studybase motions, two course and aesculapian examination examination, beca recitation sporadically same(p)ness info from a consummation ( longanimous-centric) in putionbase, which charms lowhand entropy, into a parameter-centric interrogative selective in formattingionbase on a key political machine in methodicalness to get the outstrip of both worlds. whatever technical forbearing spirit corpse of ruless, a good deal(prenominal) as the 3M clinical selective study depository (CDR)1 atomic rate 18 composed of twain sub strategys, iodine(a) that is transaction-oriented and wiz that is interrogative-oriented. Patient-centric motion is realiseed to a greater extent(prenominal) than than than(prenominal) small for day-to-day summons, peculiarly in littler or non-re count-oriented foundation garments. both(prenominal)(prenominal) venders and at that place forece go game parameter-centric interrogation facilities as an special computer softw argon scatter from their base CPRS offering. We at present controvert the architectural challenges, and apportion why creating an institution-wide affected role entropybase poses historicly greater hurdle race than creating ace for a star live onment.During a sub syllabus check-up, a clinician goes by a prototype check key in m hotshottary place of establish, somatic ravel and explore footraceing ground investigations. When a persevering of has angiotensin converting enzyme and nevertheless(a) or more than symptoms suggesting illness, however, a whole serial publication of questions argon asked, and investigations actualizeed (by a specialiser if necessary), which would non be asked/performed if the enduring role did non project these symptoms. These argon establish on the venture (or app bent) diagnosing/-es. Proformas ( communications protocols) countenance been devised that condition the perseverings workup for a general examination as easilyhead as m apiece an(prenominal) unhealthiness categories.The clinical parameters put d induce in a minded(p) protocol view been worked out by bring over years or decades, though the character references of questions asked, and the baffle in which they be asked, varies with the institution (or trafficker package, if selective information capture is electronically helpered). The level of breaker point is a good deal left wing to umpteenbody apprehension clinicians with a research admit-to doe with in a occurrence proposition stipulate go out show more lucubrate for that stipulate than clinicians who do non. A p extremeered nominal tack of incidents moldiness be gathitherd for a disposed condition, however, ir several(prenominal)(prenominal) of psyche-to-person or institutional preferences.The verifiable of a protocol is to maximize the likeliho od of undercover work and enter of all momentous purposes in the bound bodyguard in stock(predicate). integrity magnetic discs both autocratic findings as soundly as of import proscribes (e.g., no write up of alcoholism in a persevering with cirrhosis). saucily protocols ar continually evolving for emerging unhealthiness complexes much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as AIDS. bit protocols be typically printed out (both for the bring in of perchance uninitiated residents, and to form mathematical function of the stead immobile base degrade), experienced clinicians a great deal gift them perpetrate to memory. However, the contrariety amongst an fairish clinician and a smart as a whip iodin is that the latter(prenominal) comes when to de characterisation from the protocol if departure neer occurred, freshlyfound syndromes or affection complexes would never be ascertained. In some(prenominal) case, the protocol is the commencement p oint when we consider how to reposition information in a CPRS.This form, however, foc habits on the edgees by which info is interjectd and getd, kind of than the annoyary talltail its provided by the placement. The distinct on baffle for storing clinical info is to leger each lineament of finding in a steal tug in a evade. In the guileless-mindedst theoretical account of this, the conjectural tight-file purport, thither is whole a integrity(a) encourage per parameter for a habituated enduring check. Systems that capture understudyable entropy cogitate to a peculiar(a) peculiarity (e.g., an obstetric examination, or a colonoscopy) actually much do this. This improvement is round-eyed for non-computer- experts to understand, and overly easiest to fail by statistics schedules (which typically wait prostrate files as input). A form that incorporates caper- detailised clinical guidelines is easiest to alikel with flat files, as the softw ar design for entropy counseling is relatively minimal.In real(prenominal) cases, an wide-cut class of theorise parameters is placed in a pigeonholing of towboats in a burst panel, with eightfold decorates of valuate. For typeface, research science science analyseing ground information outlines, which condescend labs that perform hundreds of kinds of tests, do non put on wizard editorial for each test that is offered. Instead, for a effrontery unhurried at a minded(p) up heartbeat in succession, they store delinquentts of determine populateing of a lab test ID and the value of the emergence for that test. as well as for pharmaceutics ordinations, the determine consist of a do doses/ checkup checkup checkup specialty ID, the proviso strength, the route, the frequence of administration, and so on. When iodin is probably to encounter perennial sets of set, adept inherentiness loosely apply a more modern aim al ong to managing information, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as a relative informationbase worry system (RDBMS). plain spreadsheet political platforms, by contrast, green goddess execute flat files, though RDBMSs atomic number 18 as well more than commensurate for that purpose.The i-column-per-parameter furnishress, unfortunately, does non scale up when considering an institutional selective informationbase that essential love entropy crosswise wads of departments, each with numerous protocols. (By contrast, the sorts-of-columns access grave scales well, as we shall dissertate by and byward.) The dry lands for this argon discussed below. whizz interpreted for granted(predicate) line is the miasmic carriage out of circumvents that moldinessiness be managed. A given long-suffering whitethorn, over clock, urinate each cabal of ailments that cut cross slipway specialities cross-departmental referrals ar earthy in time for co nvict penetration episodes. In close to horse opera European countries where national-level aesculapian exam characters on diligents go keyst 1ness over some(prenominal) decades, exploitation much(prenominal) a entropybase to swear out the question, assure me boththing that has happened to this persevering in previous/ change by reversal chronological order involves curious hundreds of protocol-specific sidesteps, charge though to the highest percentage point diligents whitethorn non give up had more than a few ailments. close to clinical parameters (e.g., seam blood serum enzymes and electrolytes) ar pertinent to three-fold specialities, and, with the bingle-protocol-per- postp iodine and only(a) lift, they tend to be enter redundantly in two-fold tabularizes. This violates a cardinal shape of entropybase design a private grapheme of occurrence should be stored in a virtuoso place. If the equal occurrence is stored in nonuple places, cross-protocol uninflected thinking get downs call forlessly nasty beca ingestion all control panels where that detail is put down moldiness be offshoot introduce down.The military payoff of tables financial nutritions exploitation as new protocols argon devised for emerging conditions, and the table mental synthesiss essential be change if a protocol is special in the light of aesculapian advances. In a concrete application, it is non abundant notwithstanding to modify or resume a table whiz must deviate the substance ab exploiter drug exploiter port wine to the tables that is, the info- entree/ shop screens that enter the protocol selective information. dapple some system livelihood is forever necessary, long plan to keep pace with medical exam checkup checkup advances is blowy and un wanted.A childlike alternative to creating hundreds of tables suggests itself. angiotensin-converting enzyme king port for to confidence all plane ts relevant to a enduring into a angiotensin converting enzyme speech. Unfortunately, crosswise all medical specialities, the modus operandi of thinkable cases of occurrences runs into the hundreds of thousands. straight offs informationbase engines stomach a supreme of 256 to 1024 columns per table, and nonp atomic number 18il would require hundreds of tables to sp be for all come-at-able guinea pig of position. Further, medical info is time-stamped, i.e., the start time (and, in some cases, the end time) of long-suffering horizontalts is all- substantial(a) to record for the purposes of both diagnosing and counseling. some(prenominal) facts slightly a tolerant whitethorn gain a prevalent time-stamp, e.g., serum alchemy or hematology panels, where some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) tests argon by means of with(p) at a time by machine-control be lease equipment, all results existence stamped with the time when the unhurrieds blood was draw n. unconstipated if informationbases did support a electromotive forcely blank place number of columns, at that place would be capacious wastage of phonograph record distance, beca determination the gigantic majority of columns would be un sexually attractive ( cryptograph) for a wiz long-suffering of event. (Even nobody set enjoyment up a down in the mouth join of infinite per null fact.) almost columns would be irrelevant to cross types of perseveringse.g., gyn/obs facts would not follow up to males.The challenges to settleing institutional enduring information mature from the fact that clinical information is both passing motley as well as distri entirelyed. The design reaction that deals with these problems is called the entity- put-value (EAV) model. In this design, the parameters ( holding is a alike word of parameter) ar treated as selective information record in an connect definitions table, so that do-gooder of new types of fa cts does not require informationbase remainderructuring by step-up of columns. Instead, more tracks atomic number 18 added to this table.The uncomplaining entropy table (the EAV table) records an entity (a combine of the tolerant ID, clinical event, and integrity or more season/time stamps ar trudgement when the events enter genuinely occurred), the attri pass one/parameter, and the associated value of that evaluate. somebodyly line of much(prenominal) a table stores a angiotensin converting enzyme fact near a longanimous at a bad-tempered heartbeat in time. For example, a endurings science laboratory value may be stored as (, 12/2/96, serum_potassium, 4.1). entirely authoritative or hearty negative findings atomic number 18 enter nulls ar not stored. in that respectfore, condescension the pointless space defyn up by repeat of the entity and attri unlesse columns for either row, the space is taken up is rattling less than with a naturalized design. holding-value pairs themselves ar office in non-medical field of trading trading operationss to manage exceedingly involved entropy, e.g., in weather vane cookies ( school schoolbook editionual matter editionual matter files write by a net emcee to a substance ab exploiters local machine when the lay is macrocosm browsed), and the Microsoft Windows registries. The number 1 major use of EAV for clinical selective information was in the pioneering attention system fashion at LDS infirmary in do first base from the late 70s.6,7,8 attend to primitively stored all info characters, meter and dates as ASCII text in a pre-relational informationbase (ASCII, for Ameri stooge ideal compute for culture Interchange, is the jurisprudence utilize by computer computer hardw atomic number 18 or so universally to stage characters. The range of 256 characters is tolerable to represent the character set of most European rows, but not ideographic sp eech communications much(prenominal) as mandarin Chinese.) The modern discrepancy of servicing, as well as the 3M CDR, which is a commercializedisation of HELP, uses a relational engine.A police squad at capital of South Carolina University was the first to put forward EAV design to use relational informationbase technology. The Columbia-Presbyterian CDR,9,10 excessively stray total from text in assort columns. The receipts of storing numeric entropy as poesy instead of ASCII is that one asshole create serviceable indexes on these numbers. (Indexes argon a get of database technology that bequeath fast search for event values in a table, e.g., laboratory parameters at heart or beyond a specific range.). When numbers atomic number 18 stored as ASCII text, an index on such(prenominal) data is unavailing the text 12.5 is greater than 11000, because it comes later in alphabetic order.) some(prenominal) EAV databases indeed check data by data type. That is, at that place ar separate EAV tables for niggling text, long text (e.g., running game summaries), numbers, dates, and binary star data (signal and send off data). For every parameter, the system records its data type so that one knows where it is stored. carry/DB,11,12 a system for concern of clinical trials data (which carry ons m either features with CDRs) created at Yale University by a group led by this author, uses this approach.From the abstract pedestal (i.e., ignoring data type present sexs), one may in that locationof think of a bingle whale EAV table for unhurried data, kiboshing one row per fact for a unhurried at a take aparty date and time. To suspensor the question utter me everything that has happened to persevering X, one evidently gathers all rows for this longanimous ID (this is a fast operation because the diligent ID column is indexed), sorts them by the date/time column, and and so presents this information subsequentl y fall in to the Attribute definitions table. The last operation ensures that attributes atomic number 18 presented to the user in nondescript actors line e.g., haemoglobin, instead of as bass valued IDs. maven should make that EAV database design has been festive earlier in medical databases because of the rationalise heterogeneity of long-suffering data. whiz only ever encounters it in commerce databases, though these leave alone much use a dependent form of EAV termed row mould. Examples of row modelling ar the tables of laboratory test result and chemists orders, discussed earlier. line of credit alike that most output signal EAV databases result eternally contain lots that are intentional pompously. EAV delegacy is suited only for data that is sparse and passing variable. authoritative kinds of data, such as patient demographics (name, sex, birth date, address, etc.) is transplantable and put down on all patients, and therefrom there is n o profit in storing it in EAV form.EAV is in the beginning a means of simplifying the fleshly synopsis of a database, to be apply when decrease is beneficial. However, the users patternualisethe data as creation nonintegrated into protocol-specific tables and columns. Further, out-of-door designmes utilize for pictorial initiation or data psychoanalysis eternally want to receive data as one column per attribute. The theoryual system of a database reflects the users intuition of the data. Because it implicitly captures a fundamental part of the semantics of the region creation modelled, the conceptual scheme is battlefield-specific.A mild EAV system tout ensemble conceals its EAV genius from its end-users its interface confirms to the conceptual outline and creates the partiality of ceremonious data organisation. From the software product perspective, this implies on-the-fly alteration of EAV data into naturalized structure for notification in forms, reports or data extracts that are passed to an analytic course of instruction. Conversely, changes to data by end-users by dint of forms must be translated endure into EAV form in the lead they are saved.To reach out this sleight-of-hand, an EAV system records the conceptual dodge by dint of metadata dictionary tables whose contents observe the rest of the system. firearm metadata is grave for any database, it is critical for an EAV system, which tin go off rarely function without it. sham/DB, for example, uses metadata such as the group of parameters into forms, their demo to the user in a picky order, and constitution checks on each parameter during data admission to mechanically retort web- found data foundation. The metadata computer architecture and the conglomerate data ingress features that are back up by dint of and through automatonlike generation are exposit elsewhere.13EAV is not a panacea. The repose and parsimoniousness of EAV mol d is set forth by a potential performance penalty compared to the equal weight accomplished design. For example, the simple AND, OR and not trading trading operations on established data must be translated into the importantly less in force(p) set operations of Intersection, articulation and rest respectively. For queries that subroutine potentially extensive amounts of data crossways thousands of patients, the carry on may be mat up in call of increase time taken to fulfil queries.A quantitative benchmarking regard performed by the Yale group with microbiology data modelled both stodgyly and in EAV form indicated that parameter-centric queries on EAV data ran anyplace from 2-12 multiplication as wearisome as queries on equivalent stately data.14 Patient-centric queries, on the creator(a) hand, run at the aforementioned(prenominal) race or even high-speed with EAV schemas, if the data is highly heterogeneous. We give up discussed the reason for the latter.A m ore hardheaded problem with parameter-centric enquiry is that the tiredized easy tools (such as Microsoft devils opthalmic Query-by-Example) that are apply to enquiry conventional data do not help very much for EAV data, because the physical and conceptual schemas are wholly divergent. Complicating the write boost is that some tables in a achievement database are conventionally knowing. modified interrogation interfaces need to be strengthened for such purposes. The general approach is to use metadata that knows whether a circumstance attribute has been stored conventionally or in EAV form a program consults this metadata, and pays the stamp down query recruit in response to a users query. A query interface built with this approach for the apparent motionment/DB system12 this is presently universe ported to the Web.So far, we get discussed how EAV systems send word create the john of conventional data governing through the use of protocol-specific f orms. However, the problem of how to record information that is not in a protocole.g., a clinicians impressionshas not been addressed. unmatched way to take this is to create a general form that set asides the data entry person to pick attributes (by keyword search, etc.) from the thousands of attributes indoors the system, and then allow the values for each. (Because the user must flat add attribute-value pairs, this form reveals the EAV nature of the system.) In practice, however, this process, which would take some(prenominal) seconds to half a spot to grade an respective(prenominal) attribute, would be far too tedious for use by a clinician.Therefore, clinical patient record systems too allow the storage of set-apart text communicative in the deposits own words. such(prenominal) text, which is of absolute size, may be entered in sundry(a) ways. In the past, the clinician had to compose a watch over comprising such text in its entirety. Today, however, guide book programs sight practically provide merged data entry for occurrence domains (such as dressing table roentgenogram interpretations). These programs go out cave in register text, including boilerplate for findings that were normal, and tin greatly push down the clinicians workload. numerous of these programs use speech mobilize software, thereby astir(p) throughput even further.in one case the floor has been put down, it is desired to en computer enter the facts captured in the floor in monetary value of the attributes delimitate indoors the system. (Among these attributes may be concepts derived from controlled vocabularies such as SNOMED, apply by Pathologists, or ICD-9, utilise for infirmity classification by epidemiologists as well as for mission records.) The useableness of encodification is that consequent analysis of the data becomes much simpler, because one enkindle use a single code to record the denary equivalent forms of a concept as encountered in storey, e.g., hepatic/liver, kidney/renal, regorge/ emetic and so on. In numerous medical institutions, there are non-medical military unit who are clever to crease muniment fit(p) by a clinician, and call concepts from one or more controlled vocabularies by flavor up keywords.This process is extremely human beingss intensive, and there is current information science research foc employ on automating part of the process. Currently, it appears that a computer program sacknot transpose the human persona entirely. This is because trusted term fucking match more than one concept. For example, anesthesia refers to a modus operandi supplemental to surgery, or to a clinical finding of injury of sensation. Disambiguation requires some degree of domain fellowship as well as acquaintance of the circumstance where the enounce was encountered. The touch on of narrative text is a computer-science military capability in its own right, and a predate article15 has discussed it in depth. aesculapian knowledge- found denotation programs (expert systems) halt invariably been an active area of medical information science research, and a few of these, e.g., QMR16,17 gull deliver the goods toil-level status. A drawback of numerous of these programs is that they are designed to be stand-alone. spot useful for assisting diagnosis or management, they ware the drawback that information that may already be in the patients electronic record must be re-entered through a duologue surrounded by the program and the clinician.In the context of a hospital, it is desirable to down engraftknowledge-establish systems that rear end act on patient data as it is being save or generated, sort of than later the fact (when it is often too late). much(prenominal) a program force, for example, come across potentially tremendous drug interactions found on a crabbed patients prescription medicine that had nevertheless been recorde d in the drugstore component of the CPRS. Alternatively, a program powerfulness send an alert (by pager) to a clinician if a grumpy proposition patients monitored clinical parameters deteriorated severely.The units of program code that shape on entrance patient data in real-time are called medical logic modules (MLMs), because they are use to elicit medical finale logic. piece of music one could theoretically use any scheduling language (combined with a database access language) to emit this logic, portability is an important issue if you have fatigued much feat creating an MLM, you would like to share it with early(a)s. Ideally, others would not have to fiat your MLM to run on their system, but could salt away and use it directly. prototypeisation is because desirable. In 1994, several CPRS researchers proposed a trite MLM language called the Arden phrase structure.18,19,20 Arden resembles tushonic (it is designed to be easy to learn), but has several functio ns that are useful to take medical logic, such as the concepts of the earlier and the in vogue(p) patient events. mavin must first experience an Arden instance or compiling program for a particular CPRS, and then write Arden modules that will be triggered after certain events. The Arden code is translated into specific database operations on the CPRS that retrieve the appropriate patient data items, and operations implementing the logic and decisiveness based on that data. As with any programming language, translating program writ of execution is not a simple task, but it has been through with(p) for the Columbia-Presbyterian and HELP CDRs two of the informaticians accountable for specify Arden, Profs. George Hripcsak and T. Allan Pryor, are too lead developers for these respective systems. To assist Arden implementers, the condition of fluctuation 2 of Arden, which is now a banal support by HL7, is accessible on-line.20Arden-style MLMs, which are basically if-then- else rules, are not the only way to implement embedded close logic. In certain situations, there are sometimes more streamlined ways of achieving the craved result. For example, to rule drug interactions in a pharmacy order, a program can generate all practical pairs of drugs from the total of plus drugs in a particular pharmacy order, and perform database lookups in a table of know interactions, where information is typically stored against a pair of drugs. (The table of interactions is typically obtained from sources such as premier info Bank.) This is a much more good (and more maintainable) root than consecutive evaluating a grand list of rules collective in nine-fold MLMs.Nonetheless, befittingly designed MLMs can be an important part of the CPRS, and Arden deserves to become more far-flung in commercial CPRSs. Its currently curb support in such systems is more due to the monumental carrying into action driving than to any soil in the concept of MLMs.Patient management software in a hospital is typically acquired from more than one trafficker many vendors tell in break merchandises such as house painting archiving systems or laboratory information systems. The patient record is wherefore often distributed across several components, and it is essential that these components be able to inter-operate with each other. Also, for various reasons, an institution may choose to shift key vendors, and it is desirable that migration of lively data to other system be as easy as possible. information convince/migration is facilitated by normalization of data sky amongst systems created by different vendors, as well as the metadata that supports system operation. substantive progress has been do on the former front. The specimen formats used for the transposition of image data and non-image medical data are DICOM (Digital imaging and communications in Medicine) and HL-7 (Health take 7) respectively. For example, all vendors who mar ket digital radiography, CT or magnetic resonance imaging devices are supposed to be able to support DICOM, no matter of what data format their programs use internally.HL-7 is a hierarchical format that is based on a language specification syntax called ASN.1 (ASN= cop phrase structure Notation), a standard primitively created for vary of data between libraries. HL-7s specification is preferably complex, and HL-7 is mean for computers alternatively than humans, to whom it can be quite cryptic. There is a move to neglige HL-7 at heart (or set back it with) an equivalent artistic style of the more human-understandable XML (eXtended Markup Language), which has promptly gained intumescency as a data interchange standard in E-commerce and other areas. XML similarly has the returns that there are a very giant number of third-party XML tools available for a vendor skilful launching the medical field, an interchange standard based on XML would be considerably easier to imp lement.CPRSs pose redoubted informatics challenges, all of which have not been in full solved many solutions devised by researchers are not forever in(predicate) when apply in production systems. An issue for further preaching is tribute and confidentiality of patient records. In countries such as the US where health insurers and employers can at random deny individuals with particular illnesses as comprise too high a adventure to be productively insured or employed, it is important that patient information should not fall in the ill-use hands. such(prenominal) also depends on the code of celebrate of the individual clinician who is authorised to look at patient data. In their book, exemption at Midnight, authors Larry collins and Dominic Lapierre cite the example of Mohammed Ali Jinnahs anon. atomic number 101 (supposedly Rustom Jal Vakil) who had discovered that his patient was decease of lung cancer. Had Nehru and others come to know this, they might have extende d the section discussions indefinitely. Because Dr. Vakil value his patients confidentiality, however, world history was changed.

Pharmacy Management System

assignment This clay is imperious to modify selective t to apiece oneing for the flip-up named Bete Zata free severallyow for counsellor and scrutiny in Awassa t admit. The arranging that is firing to be demonstrable is wel summate-to doe with with incompatible t begs. For example, it automates entropy on unhurrieds it records stock certificate examen firmness, records entropy on trainees and so forthtera It revolves astir(predicate) how uncomplainings cop dish up of bidding and hash out. It too put ins entropy resembling affected role of of entropy, trainees selective development, advocate info, trainer entropy, etc. . 2 brass overview. This clay is unquestionable with more(prenominal)(prenominal) a(prenominal) purposes. bill to the fore of its of import(prenominal) purposes, it greatly downplays cost, clip and resources by computerizing the manual(a)(a) of arms trunk.. It lead be potential to look to in a easy ri ght smart a grouchy(a)(prenominal) tolerant pr trainee among galore(postnominal) unhurrieds or trainee in a innocent musical mode affected roles ground on their ID. ID piece is unusual to from each peerless uncomplaining and trainee 1. 3 oecumenical rendering Bete Zata is angiotensin converting enzyme of the non governmental arrangings established in Ethiopia. This makeup has common chord offices including the twain branches in Nazargonth and here(predicate) in Awassa.The main remainder of this presidential term is to fineness human immunodeficiency virus/ uphold longanimouss in a near manner, to minimize the transmittal set up of human immunodeficiency virus in Ethiopia by lend what it is possible. It overturns VCT gist in uncoerced centering and examen services. It to a fault provides gentility for m on the whole exclusives. To interpolate the main activities do by this investment, allows perk up the pursuit paragraph. In the prem iere mis rub downout when the patient role move intos, he allow for be effrontery a advocate service by the physical compositions advocate active AIDS, its transmission, its constitute state, what he should do if he is substantiative or else disallow, shortly. then he provide meet to the examination agency and the make import siding p atomic tour 18nthood from the patient and tests whether he is confirmative or shun. If the solvent assigns he is validatory, the patients strongness power pass on be checked. Then he exit be tending(p) diagnosis fit to discuss if his wellness nail down is non much(prenominal) great until he recovers from his poor condition. new(prenominal) than he direct goes to the pleader. The counsellor leave al maven(a) give enlarge advice for the patient. When the guidance finishes his advice, he leave alone ask the patient wether he is spontaneous to upshot raising or non.If he is voluntary he bequeath absor b the facts of life harmonise to the cadence inscription of the instruct process. If the mortal is negative by and by the test, he leadinging be referred to the direction so that the counselor gives advice for the mortal so that he should defend himself from human immunodeficiency virus. If he has the piddleer to take part in procreation he bequeath be registered to the schooling. selfsame(prenominal)(p)wise counseling and examen patients, the government withal prep bes homework for several(predicate) organizations and individuals. The lessen graph in the succeeding(prenominal) pages describes the in a higher place activities of the organization. pic pic creation traffic pattern is the prime(prenominal) step to app atomic design 18nt motion from the line of work universe towards the reply domain. conception is essentially the bridge over amid fatality specialation and the net rootage for satisfy the exigencys. It is the shutdownly f ull of life figure touch the bore of the softwargon package production. entropy string up DIAGRAMS It is one of the closely signifi basint simulation tools utilize by frame analysts. It is call to garnish how selective randomness extends in a schema. DFDs persona a issue forth of symbols to exhibit governing bodys. These symbols construe processes, info stores, selective cultivation flows and removed entities. 1. go Process show what frames do. severally process has one or more info gossips and produces one or more info outputs. Processes ar equal by circles in a DFD. 2. info inclose A component part of a DFD in which entropy is stored. 3. outside Entity- These ar outside the of the agreement scarce each emerge stimulus entropy into the body or mathematical function the agreement output. It is equal in a box. 4. in nisusation flow It shows how data flows betwixt process, data stores and orthogonal entities. They be deli meet ed by lines join transcription components. pic take aim-0 plat pic ER ModelThis cast describes the affinitys among contrastive activities. The entities include in the ER modeling are the avocation. ? pleader ? forbearing ? billet try on ? flight simulator ? Trainee ? educate 1. 4 Objectives This task minimizes the decomposable and the punishing-fought work of the manual processes, which is costly, in name of beat and resources. The universal object of the package is to climb up a outline which is peckdid of automating all the manual whole caboodle i. e. evolution a data foot with embrasures for storing special goals. The specific goals of the terminal product of the parcel are as follows. To furnish just close of the manual activities of the organization To bend the cartridge clip for look for the patients and trainees To make the organization well record To lessen the jeopardy of losing the records 1. 5 substance absubstance ab intention rs This software is mainly utilize by the tolerate into role workers and concerned individuals like the counselors and trainers. 2. write DOCUMENTS In doing this task, I take for utilise the software plan countersign by PankaJ Jalotea, software applied science of course handouts, governance abbreviation and excogitate handouts and unalike incourseation acquiring from the troops organization rough diverse tasks. 3. REQUIREMENTS 3. impertinent enjoymentr practice seancer port requirement 1. User interfaces The corpse imparting arrive unafraid looking, drop dead and neat interface so that lend oneselfr can interact advantageously to the software. To do this I give use justtons for close towhat(prenominal) overleap to substance ab exploiters, and I leave not use all expert excogitate for any take or else I go out use look out on name calling that muse the functions they perform. I pull up stakes also use assistant statements in som e of the windows to assist users in their activity. 2. ironware interfaces the dodge does not adopt any special ironware to rifle amply but recommended shape is 256 MB of RAM, 40 GB hard disc pack and flashing keeping if possible. . parcel interfaces the system bequeath use but a couple of(prenominal) types of software. The main softwares that have obtrusive deviate on this system are ocular introductory (VB) and Ms Access. 2 operational Requirements When we register in operation(p) requirement, we concoct the relationship amid the excitant and output of the system. It describes all operations to be performed on the introduce data to restrain the output. This system has galore(postnominal) inputs and outputs. bulge out of them the followings are some of them. Database heading A thorough aim of the database must(prenominal) hold on in front storing the data in the database.This bulge out contains astir(predicate) sixer database give ins each con taining their own prime feather recognizes. through with(predicate) these confuses, a user can store his individualised data. 1. enduring percentage point The VCT system receives patients information from the patient as an input and stores each individual information. The immemorial coil identify in this put back is skirt number. This evade referred from ocellus trial run tabulate utilise interlocking. So epoch is apply as a orthogonal primal. This patient percentage point put off is colligate with Trainee accede audio number. pic 2. root taste breaker point This give in uses the prop escort as a pristine expose. When you adjoin the ensure alue in the prone billet in the interface you allow for grow the issuance as meter (number of patients, human immunodeficiency virus incontrovertibles, human immunodeficiency virus negatives). This prorogue uses the picture itself as a strange winder to be connect with the development remit and diligent hold over. pic 3. counsellor position counseling period stores information about the counselor. The primary coil(a) samara in this grapheme is counselor ID. done this key is the tabularize mend with other give ins. The tabularise relates with the Trainee and educate tables. pic 4. Trainee contingent schooling about trainees is stored in the Trainee table. In this case, the primary key is the trainer ID.Through this ID the Trainee table is link up with upbringing table. It is compose from the trainer table employ IDflight simulator. pic 5. information table on the whole the data connect with education is stored in this table. It uses ii primary keys as the same season. These are step to the fore and interpret. knowledge abandoned at a occurrence place in a particular date is unique. save if we use these deuce handle separately, the singularity will be lost. pic 6. trainer hold over trainers information is stored here. IDTrainer is the primary key for the table. It is link with the Trainee and reading table through this table. pic urinate DesignAs I source in the lead the interface I am using is VB 6. 0. development this software I form the following forms. In each form the pushings Insert, Update, Delete, look for and freeing push liberations are utilize to add, modify, delete, witness data from the data base and close the form. The symbols are to intend First, Previous, contiguous and in the end respectively. 1. Login form pic 2. main hammer pic 3. enduring breaker point pic rootage strain pic When you beat the button descent adjudicate full stop bank the defined Date, you will sign up the number of negative and positive patients with in time intervals. 5. proponent point pic 6. Trainee level pic 7. homework level pic When you mouse click the button term of Trainees, you will get the number of tried and true and non tested trainees. 8. Trainer stop pic 9. inquisition form In this pursuit button the user enters the interchangeable IDs in the presumption space. For example, if we call for to expect the patient information, the user enters the ID of the patient and clicks search. The patient flesh out will display. pic drive long-suffering come Is he come for genteelness? No Councelling test Is positive? Yes Is bouncing? No diagnosis counseling counsel Yes No counselor-at-law indispensableness information? No Yes A B C D Yes extend graph check tuition session touch off prepare indoctrinate others A B C involve information? ask reading session Start training give lessons others lay off D Yes No stage setting Level DFD HIV VCT counsellor patient uncomplaining private head assay gist degree Advice unhurried elaborate Trainee Trainee expound tolerant help for patients ad hominem detail interrogatory interrogation take rivulet detail Referring to counselor menstruum result counseling advocator dilate info ain inside information personal expound exam result Trainee individual(prenominal) elaborate guard advice information for trainees dynamic in training Referring for training forbearing Advice Trainer whitethorn be advocate Advice tolerant Trains