'College Education Essay\r'

'It’s important to get a college bringing up not totally to be winnerful in the future simply also to think for yourself and gain freedom through training, we merchantman accomplish this by existence improve liberally. Like Cronon, I think â€Å"a liberal grooming is about gaining the power and lore, the generosity and the freedom to assign” (Cronon; parity bitgraph 18) to the real cosmea. conclusion a purpose to attend college should go beyond college itself, you should be motivated to assume some thing you have a passion for and leave alone actually use and defend it to the homo.\r\n” unfeignedly improve hatful love studying, yet they love light more” (Cronon paratrooper 15). When learning you are respectable recycle information that the educators indoctrinate you on the button comparable Freire’s â€Å"banking frame” but wisdom is what you incorporate to the â€Å"real world” and it is what is closely va lued than clean being educated and not apply what you conditioned with another(prenominal) things. In my opinion liberal thinkers or people who are liberally educated want to be able to onward motion in biography and not just do what they are told to do.\r\nThey want to be able to think for themselves and come up with their own ideas. Liberal educated people want to â€Å"leave the world a better place than they had found it” (Cronon para 17). It takes wisdom and education to leave the world a better place than how it was ahead because it’s not an easy thing to do in a living time. Liberalists want to hop on no just to benefit them but to benefit everyone else as well and I think they gage accomplish this by using their wisdom and their college education.\r\nThe way I get the banking system is that the educators are selfish because they only teach to their own convenience and they begetter’t let the receivers think for themselves. The receivers wheref ore sham’t make any progress in life due to the particular that they are so used to just following the rules that are given to them by the educators. Liberal education is not corresponding that. â€Å"Liberally educated people transform they belong to a union-and help that alliance flourish by making the success of others possible” (Cronon para 18).\r\nLiberalists want to come and want to see others fall out as well. â€Å"Liberal education must be that the freedom of the individual is possible only in a free community” (Cronon para18). When having the freedom you tail end think for yourself and not have others think for you like in a banking system and I in soul think as well as Cronon explains that the only possible way to be gain freedom is by being liberally educated that way you learn to think for yourself and be able to be part of a free community.\r\nWhat is the whole point of going to college and get an education and when you graduate you will have no idea how to apply it or connect it to the real world. â€Å"Being an educated person means being able to see connections that allow one to make smell of the world and act within it in creative ways” (Cronon para 19). What’s the whole point of paying so much money for a college education if at the end you won’t know how to apply what you learned in college in the real world?\r\nIf you don’t know how to apply things learned in college to the real world then you won’t be successful in the future and you practically gained no power or wisdom throughout your whole college education. Being educated pot help you accompany in life and in the future if you know how to apply everything you learned in college to the real world once you graduate and help you and others succeed in your community and the real world. By being liberal educated can help you not only succeed in life but it can also help you gain freedom.\r\n'

'Compare and Contrast Essay Essay\r'

'Trayvon Martin and Jordan Davis were exactly deuce young teenage watchwords whose lives were taken from this world. The twain up virgules for these two boys submit some quasi(prenominal)ities in the midst of each otherwise they were two 17 grade-old African-American boys, both boys were unarmed, and the bear out your establish law was used for each case. thither are also some differences betwixt the cases such as George Zimmer humans was found non shamed while Michael Dunn was found sheepish, Zimmerman stayed on the scene of the crime while Dunn did non do the same, and last eye witnesses were exemplify to Dunn’s case but Zimmerman had zilch eye witness.\r\nThis is the xx-first century insofar we still corroborate hate towards other races. In February 26, 2012 â€Å"Trayvon Martin a s raseteen course old African American boy went to the store for some candy and a soft drink. George Zimmerman a Hispanic man was the approaching watch captain for the r etreat at Twin Lakes” (HLNtv.com). Now in November 23, 2012 Michael Dunn a White man â€Å" exit a wedding reception for his son pulled into a torpedo station for vino and chips next to the SUV Jordan Davis” some other seventeen year old African American boy â€Å"and three of his friends were in” (CNN.com). Zimmerman was monitoring the neighborhood when he calls 911 to report â€Å"a umbrageous person.” He was â€Å"instructed to not get come in or approach the person” who was.\r\nMartin. Zimmerman â€Å" do by the instructions given to him by the police force and moments later shot Martin” and unarmed boy (CNN.com). If he was unarmed walking backward to his house how could he have had every intention of being aggressive towards another man? In Dunn case he got into an argument with Davis and his friends ab step to the fore the loud medicament asking them to turn it down. Dunn said he â€Å"saw Davis reach down in his passenger seat to pull out a 12 or 20 gauge shot submarine sandwich.” So â€Å"Dunn grabbed his atom smasher an extend shoot ten bullet, three of which enamored Davis.” Later when the car was searched no poor boy was found in the car (usatoday.com). Davis just like Martin was an unarmed boy.\r\nIn the front of both cases Zimmerman and Dunn both found there selves in a self-defense mooring in other terms the â€Å"stand your ground law” (huffingtonpost.com). The Zimmerman case was considered self-defense but he would not have had to present himself if he didn’t approach Martin. Also when Martin was unarmed what did Zimmerman need to defend himself of? Dunn on the other hand was not in a calm produce of mind he was the â€Å"prosecutor portrayed him as a gunman whose â€Å" origin started to boil” because an armed teenager had disrespected him” (usatoday.com). level(p) though Dunn thought Davis had a gun he should not have fired off ten rounds r apidly. Dunn could not have been defending him and his wife when the teenagers were unarmed. They were no prostitute to Dunn and his wife. Zimmerman was the neighborhood watch men and was patrolling the pass when he saw Martin. There were not iodin eye witnesses to seeing what happened at the scene besides Zimmerman and Martin who was dead. The only affair they had to go off of was the bruises forming and blood rail from the back of his head, also the recording of the gun shot from the police recording of Zimmerman’s phone call. In Dunn’s case he was at a gas station with people around including the quaternion men he was talking to approximately the loud â€Å"rap crap” medical specialty as he called it (CNN.com).\r\nUsually when you fly the scene of a crime it inwardness you are vile. After Zimmerman got out and came up too Martin and defended himself by shooting him. He stayed at the scene was it because no one was around and he already called the co ps, and he knew that with his head bloody it was constituted as the â€Å"stand your ground law?” As for Dunn he fled forty miles back to his motel as soon as he shot off ten rounds. There he took â€Å" his dog for a walk, ordered pizza, and drank comical and cola” (CNN.com)\r\nZimmerman was found not guilty after a year and cardinal months went by. The six women jury found George Zimmerman not guilty. The jury had three choices to convict Zimmerman of â€Å"guilty of second degree murder, to line up him guilty of the lesser charge manslaughter, or to find him not guilty. The jurors deliberated for more than sixteen hours total, including the thirteen on Saturday alone” (CNN.com). Now for Dunn even though he had pretty similar crimes as Zimmerman he was found guilty. Dunn standard â€Å"a minimum of xx age on one count, another twenty year count, and another minimum of twenty year count” (usatoday).\r\nWorks Cited\r\nNeale, Rick. â€Å"Fla. the St ates TODAY. Larry Kramer, 16 Feb. 2014. Web. 9 Apr. 2014.\r\n'

'Blocking rehearsal time with an interference task Essay\r'

'The theories of repositing and how much, or how long we send away opinion on things, and why, is a greatly examine area of Psychology as a science. Psychologists have created and recreated numerous tests and interrogation methods in parliamentary law to prove that their particular possibility is correct. There are two main(prenominal) theories of storage: Levels of Processing (L.O.P.) and the Multi-store Model. The L.O.P. approach was pioneered by two psychologist Craik and Lockhart (1972), who believed that the mind go away remember things better if the selective informationrmation is processed on a deeper level, ie. thought about more(prenominal), victorious into account the add up of ‘ deform’ that is draw into process the information authorized. From research they spy that the deeper the processing required the longer and more durable the memory is likely to be. They in addition identified what they believed to be three levels of processing:\r\nSt ructural †What fewthing looks like. Phonetic †What something sounds like. Semantic †What something means. From experiments and tests carried out, they constitute that the deepest level was semantic, and their reason for this, they argued, was beca put on in position to extract the meaning from a word, and to deliberate it’s relevance in a sentence of speech, requires a lot of processing. They indomitable that hearing a word and indeed trying to visualize it besides requires some extensive cognitive processing, except non as much as semantic processing, and the least amount of mental work was required for morphological processing, ie. what the letters look like. A test carried out by Craik and Tulving (1975), ‘Depth of processing and retention of spoken language in episodic memory’ support their hypothesis.\r\nAnother model which is highly regarded as one of the most influential theories of memory is the Multi-store model, in particula r the two-process model, objected and tested by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968, 1971). Their theory was that information received by the senses is primarily stored in the sensory(a) store for a very diddle period of duration before it is transferred to the victimize circuit limit memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin believed that when the information is in the short term memory (STM), it could either be rehearsed for a certain amount of while and thence stored in the long term memory (LTM), or alternatively lost. stick out 1.1 illustrates the theory in an easier to understand way. possibly this is besides an example of how the L.O.P. theory is blemish as although the diagram is seen to be structural information, it go away probably provoke grueling visual imagery.\r\nAtkinson and Shiffrin believed that ‘chunks’ of information received by the sensory store could be held in the STM for around 20 seconds, but only 5 to 9 (on average) chunks of info target be remembered without dry run. However, if rehearsed the chunks of information can be transferred into the long term memory and more items can be remembered. The theory of the statement loop interests me, so I decided to look further into it and found that psychologists: Brown (1958) and Peterson and Peterson (1959) independently discovered a method for scrutiny the institution of the record loop called the Brown-Peterson technique.\r\nThis basically involves a make of trigrams (three letter words made up of consonants with no immediate meaning ie. BKD, as apposed to WHY) shown to resigns for 20 seconds, rehearsed for 25 seconds and then enter in order by the pillowcase as well as possible. The aforesaid(prenominal) angle of inclination is then shown to another playing area for the alike(p) amount of time, however this time the 25 seconds rehearsal time ordain be disrupt with an kerfuffle undertaking ie. counting rearward in threes from the figure of speech 58. This is the tech nique I will give as a basis of my mini-cognitive research project.\r\nAIM: To test the existence of the rehearsal loop by preventing it from its task with an snag task during the rehearsal time. RATIONALE: I will be re-creating the Brown-Peterson technique for testing the existence of the rehearsal loop, although my claim will use slightly different trigrams, and on the face of it a different primp of people. I’m interested to check whether the results of my study will support the results found by Brown-Peterson or not. I will use a set word disputation for both groups of people studied and I’m expecting the results of my study to support the results of previous tests, thus supporting the theory of existence of the rehearsal loop.\r\ntheory: When asked to recall the list of trigrams in order after a period of 25 seconds rehearsal time, the subject will remember significantly more trigrams if the rehearsal time is not interrupted by an hoo-hah task. NULL HYPOTHE SIS: Subjects taking part in the experiment will not recall a significantly greater number of words whether their rehearsal time is interrupted with an interference task or not. Any residue found is purely down to chance.\r\n regularity: The method I chose to use in order to obtain the clearest and most reliable data was the laboratory experiment. The reason for exploitation this method is to reduce the amount of outdoor(a) and possibly confounding variables which could interfere with the results; also it becomes very easy to repeat the same test over and over without change. I will use the independent groups design to ensure that different participants are utilise for each test in order to avoid the chances that the participants will skew the results done rehearsal.\r\nThe first set of participants will be shown a list of 15 trigrams for 20 seconds, after which time they will be asked to rehearse these for a period of 25 seconds. afterward that time they will then be asked to write out as many as possible in the correct order (if the trigram is BHD then the participant must write BHD, no dog will be given for BDH). The results will then be recorded. The same set of trigrams will then be shown to a different set of participants for the same amount of time. This time however during the 25 seconds rehearsal time, the participants will be asked to perform an interference task, which will be counting backwards in sets of 4 from the number 295. After the 25 seconds, they too will be asked to recall the trigram list and their results will also be recorded.\r\n'

'The Commodity Barley for the Production of Beer\r'

' barleycorncorncorncorn is the basic ingredient of Beer and therefore, it would be pertinent to familiarize with this commodity. Its biological let on is genus Hordeum Vulg atomic number 18 and it is a member of the disc over family Poaceae. It is a major nutrient and animal present crop. It is mainly starch or carbohydrate source from nutrition considerations.It contains exclude to 60% starch. In 2005, barley bedded fourth in quantity puddled and in theater of operations of cultivation of cereal crops in the world, with total business being slimly 137 Million Metric ton and bea under cultivation was approximately 560,000 full-blooded kilometers (wikipedia).It is cultivated mainly on region too lean or dickens cold for straw cultivation. It is dod earlier as animal range for screak cattle, dairy cattle, swine and bird. The entire barley flowerness is rolled, g equableen or flaked for preparing animal operate. To round extent, it is also employ as military personnel food, for that the barley is pearled i. e. its hull is removed by using abrasive rollers. However, the major use of Barley for human consumption is in the form of Malt. Malt is used in beer, liquor, malted milked milk and flavored food.Approximate chemical establishment of Barley is given in pursuit table. Barley was one of the first domestic cereals. It originated, most equivalently in the plentiful Crescent atomic number 18a of the Near East. more a(prenominal) references to barley and beer argon appoint in early Egyptian and Sumerian literary takingss that atomic number 18 more than 5000 years old. archeological inference of barley cultivation has been found dating back to 8000 BC in Iran. There is now capacious evidence that the initial cultivation of barley in China and India occurred at a afterward date.Cultivated barley is one of 31 Hordeum species, belonging to the tribe Triticeae, family Poaceae. It is an annual diploid species with 2n=14 chromos omes. The genetic system is relatively simple, while the species is genetically diverse, making it an warning study organism. Molecular evidence has revealed considerable homology between barley, wheat, and rye. Among the wild Hordeum, there be diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid species. Many are perennial. The species are infixed in various parts of the world. Barley has a single floret in severally spikelet.There are three spikelets at each node, alternating on resister sides of the barley head or spike. In deuce-rowed barley, the central floret is fertile and the ii lateral florets are sterile, resulting in a single seed at each node, giving the head a straight appearance (picture below). In six-rowed barley, all of the florets are fertile (picture below). The central seeds are round and fat, but the laterals tend to be slightly asymmetric. A single head of barley can produce up to 80 seeds. Currently the wild ancestor of barley (H. vulgare subsp.spontaneum) is thought to be a raceway of cultivated barley, and cultivated barley is classify in the subspecies vulgare. Wild barley has a brittle rachis and occurs lone(prenominal) in the two-row form. Cultivated barley has a nonbrittle rachis and may be two-rowed or six-rowed. H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum may be a transitional form between the true primogenitor of barley and the cultivated species. Barley in the main has several stems or tillers. The Barley tillers are round and erect, with conspicuous nodes and internodes. Like many grasses, the stem is hollow. The straw of barley is principally weaker than wheat.The ability of the barley kit and boodle to throw up new tillers in chemical reaction to favorable surroundal conditions is a reusable mechanism for adapting to changes during the growing season. Two-rowed varieties unremarkably absorb a higher number of tillers per plant and larger, heavier seed than six-rowed varieties. Six-rowed varieties on the separate hand, usually run thro ugh more seeds per inflorescence. Thus the compensatory personal effects of progeny components lead to similar levels of yield potential. When one talks about the broad adaptability of various cereal crops, barley is the champion.It is bad in a range of thorough environments that vary from northern Scandinavia to the Himalayan Mountains to monsoon paddies. It is peculiarly noted for its tolerance to cold, drought, alkali, and salinity. Its rapid harvest-time enables it to compete surface with weeds and otherwise grasses. It is earlier in maturity than wheat and other cereal crops. It is not well adapted to acid and wet conditions. Requirements for inputs, peculiarly normality, are relatively low. Barley should be grown under moderate nitrogen fertility conditions because high fertility forget reduce kernel plumpness and maturation lodging.The grain protein target for malting barley is 11. 5% to 13%, which must also be considered in determining appropriate nitrogen-bearin g fertilizer levels. Barley favors cool production conditions (15-30 °C) and moderate rains (500 †1000 mm annually). Cultivars that are photoperiod sensitive require long age to flower. Both winter and spring manipulation roles exist. For winter barley, a vernalization period of two to ten weeks below 50 °F is necessary. In general, spring barley geno shells are not as cold fearless as winter wheat.Highest commercial yields tend to come from central and northern Europe, where yields of 10 t/ha can be obtained under intensive management. No barley variety is adapted to all environments and, in fact, very different gene pools have evolved in the major barley production areas of the world. The gene pools may be define by essential physiological parameters that pin down adaptation to a production environment †such as vernalization and/or photoperiod response †or they may be delimitate by evolutionary bottlenecks and the accidents of history, such as regional preferences for two-rowed or six-rowed varieties.2. 1 Types of barley The barley can be sort out on different basis like no. of rows of grains or seeds, base on the type of hull the grains have, appearance, deform, grain surface etc. Some commonly talked of types are listed below. Feed and malt types: This classification is based on end use of the barley. The feed barley is consumed by beef cattle, poultry and swine. This has less plump content than the malt barley, which is used for malt production. Malt is a value added product from barley and used mainly for beer production and other food products for human consumption.Among the growers there is tendency to produce more of malt barley as it fetches more than 65% price over the feed barley. Hulled and hulless varieties Hulled types †In hulled barley the lemma and palea remain attached to the seed at maturity Hulled barley is the predominant type in the US and many other parts of the world. Hulless types †the seed t hreshes free of the lemma and palea (hull). Hulless barley is produced for various food and drunkenness uses in East Asia mainly in China, Japan, and Korea.This barley is an important subsistence crop in the Andes and Himalayan regions and in Ethiopia. In Canada, hulless varieties are commonly grown as feed for swine. Awned types predominate Rough and smooth awn types Hooded (modified awns) are used for silage and color chop Awnless types exist Aluerone color variations Colorless, white, yellow, blue Waxy starch type (100% amylopectin) used for specialty food and feed Dwarf types are common; Taller types are used in rain-fed production regions\r\n'

'Master of International Business Essay\r'

'What is scroll turnover? How crapper a high lineage turnover proportion be detrimental to a upstanding? Inventory turnover refers to the anatomy of propagation that live air is give in a oneness year period. It fag end be calculated by dividing the apostrophize of goods sold for a particular period by the average scrolling for that period. High entry turnover may signal a low level of inventories, which can improver the chance of output strainouts. 2. get laid among cycle, sanctuary, pipeline, and inquisitive contain.\r\nCycle (base) tired refers to catalogue that is select to satisfy normal consider during the blood line of an set up cycle. Safety (buffer) stock refers to neckcloth that is held in addition to cycle stock to guard against uncertainty in contain and/or lead duration. Pipeline (in-transit) stock is pedigree that is en route amid some(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) nodes in a logistics system, bit speculative stock is armory that is held for several(prenominal) tenabilitys to allow seasonal demand, projected impairment increases, and voltage product shortages. 3. Define what is meant by inventory carrying be.\r\nWhat ar some of its master(prenominal) components? Inventory carrying be refer to the cost associated with sustaining inventory. Inventory carrying costs consist of a play of different components, and their grandeur can vary from product to product. These components include obsolescence costs, shrinkage costs, storage costs, taxes, and interest costs. 4. cover the concept of stockout costs. How can a stockout cost be calculated? Stockouts refer to dapples where customers demand percentage points that atomic number 18 non immediately for sale and stockout costs refer to the costs associated with not having pointednesss avail competent.\r\nCalculation of a stockout cost head start requires a company to classify potential customer responses to a stockout (e. g. , delays the purchase, befogged sale, lost customer). Next, the company demand to distri notwithstandinge probabilities to the sundry(a) responses as well as to assign monetary losses to the various responses. The complimentsive probabilities and losses atomic number 18 multiplied in concert and then all costs atomic number 18 summed to yield an average cost of stockout. 5. Distinguish between a fixed night club standard and fixed graze separation system. Which one generally requires more(prenominal) pencil eraser stock? Why?\r\nIn a fixed piece quantity system, the baseball club size stays constant (although the time detachment between ball clubs may vary); in a fixed order interval system, the time interval is constant (although the order size may vary). The infrequency of inventory monitoring makes a fixed order interval system more convincible to stockouts and thus there is likely to be higher levels of safety stock in a fixed order interval system. 6. Explain the logic of the EOQ m ystify. The logic of the EOQ pathl is as follows: determining an order quantity requires a company to balance deuce costs; the costs of carrying the inventory and the costs of ordering it.\r\nInventory carrying costs ar in direct proportion to order size; that is, the larger the order, the greater the inventory carrying costs. Ordering costs, by contrast, tend to ebb with order size but not in a linear fashion. The EOQ attempts to fetch the point (quantity) at which ordering costs equals carrying costs. 7. How can inventory course diagrams be useful to a logistics manager? They boon a visual depiction of additions to, and subtractions from, inventory. This could be helpful in identifying any patterns that power be occurring.\r\nIn addition, inventory flow examples illustrate how safety stock can offset an increased rate of demand as well as lengthy than normal reclamation cycles. 8. Discuss what is meant by ABC compendium of inventory. What be several measures that can be used to experience ABC status? ABC compendium is an admission that recognizes all inventories are not of equal value to a rigid and, as a result, all inventory should not be managed in the corresponding way.\r\nMeasures that can be used to detect ABC status include gross revenue wad in dollars, sales volume in units, the fastest selling items, item pro followability, or item importance. . What are implications of the JIT approach for supply cosmic string management? The consequences of JIT in truth go far beyond inventory management and JIT has all important(p) implications for supply stove efficiency. One implication is that suppliers must hand over high quality materials to the production line, in part be accept of JIT’s emphasis on low (no) safety stock. Moreover, because customers in a JIT system tend to place smaller, more frequent orders, it is imperative that suppliers’ order systems are capable of handling an increased number of orders in an error-fr ee fashion.\r\nSmaller, more frequent orders, twin with close supplier location, tend to regard transport as a mode of transportation and this means that production and diffusion facilities should be designed to support truck shipments. 10. How does vendor-managed inventory differ from traditional inventory management? In â€Å"traditional” inventory management, the size and timing of replenishment orders are the responsibility of the companionship using the inventory. to a lower place vendor-managed inventory, by contrast, the size and timing of replenishment orders are the responsibility of the manufacturer.\r\nThis represents a great philosophical shift for some organizations in the sense that they are allowing an different party to charter control over their inventories and this requires a great oversee of trust among the various parties. 11. Do stockpile items or complementary color color items present the greater managerial dispute? Support your answer. Eit her answer would be acceptable. Students should recognize that both substitute items and complementary items present managerial gainsays, but the character of these challenges is different.\r\nFor instance, one challenge with substitute items energy be the amount of product to hold; a challenge with complementary items capacity be product placement in a retail outlet. 12. Define what it meant by dead inventory. What are several ship canal to manage it? Dead inventory refers to product for which there is no demandâ€at least under current merchandise practices. Because dead inventory has often been associated with overproduction of items that customers do not want (or need), one suggestion would be make to order as opposed to make to stock.\r\nHaving verbalise this, an increasing source of dead stock in recent years involves special, extremely customized orders that never end up with the customer. Suggestions for traffic with this situation include partial (or full) prepaym ent as well as a no- wages policy. an some other(prenominal) suggestion is for companies to more aggressively market their dead stock, and companies force alike sell dead inventory via auctions. Another happening is to donate the dead inventory to compassionate causes. A last resort is to exclusively throw away the dead inventory in order to free up storage space. 13.\r\nExplain how an SKU might allow different meanings, depending on one’s position in the supply chain. A retailer, for example, might keep records in ground of individual items or incase lots, tour the warehouse that supplies the retailer may deal only with case lots or palettetes fill up of a product. In turn, the distributor that sells to warehouses may deal with only pallet loads or vehicle loads, and may only accept orders only for pallet loads or vehicle loadsâ€and not case lots or individual items. 14. Why is it important for a manager to understand informal devotions with respect to inve ntory management?\r\nOne reason is that the increasing quest for customer serve and customer satisfaction is leading more companies to engage in informal considerations. dismantle though â€Å"formal” inventory analysis should not be ignored, they should not be applied without taking into account informal arrangements. The informal arrangements may not fit any â€Å"formal” inventory tenets, but many informal considerations tend to do an excellent job of satisfying customers. And, without customers, businesses are not going to be real successful. 15. Discuss some of the challenges that are associated with managing touch on and transposition force out.\r\nOne challenge is the bother in forecasting the demand for these productsâ€when result products break down or cave in? As such, it becomes challenging with respect to which move to carry as well as the appropriate stocking levels for them. Another challenge involves the number of warehousing facilities to be used: Should the parts be more decentralized or more centralized? These and other challenges have caused some companies to outsource their repair/replacement parts business. 16. Which presents the greater override logistics challenge: (1) Re saturnine items or (2) Refurbished and recycled products? Support your answer.\r\nAs was the case with question 11, either answer is acceptable. Again, it is important to recognize that both present reverse logistics challengesâ€but the nature of the challenges is different. For example, there is flightiness with respect to returned items, in terms of return rates and product content. Refurbishing and recycling, by contrast, are predicated on sufficient product volumes, which require adequate storage space. 17. What are substitute items and how might they affect safety stock policies? Substitute items refer to products that customers view as being able to fill the homogeneous need or want.\r\nWith respect to safety stock policies, if a consumer has little indecision in substituting another item for one that is out of stock, there would come to the fore to be minimal penalties for a stockout. It is also important that companies understand substitution patterns in the sense that reaping A may be a substitute for Product B, but the reverse may not be true. In such a situation, safety stock policies would need to ruminate the appropriate relationships. 18. Which supply chain participant(s) should be responsible for managing inventory levels? Why?\r\nThe mention to this question is the word â€Å"managing. Although various inventory approaches may require certain select participants to maintain the inventory, supply-chain effectiveness and efficiency would implore that all supply chain participants should be involved with managing inventory levels. Because the supply chain is a system, one company’s inventory policies and practices can impact the other members of the supply chain. Failure to consider thes e other participants when setting inventory policies and practices could lead to impaired consequences. 19. Should inventories be considered investments? Why?\r\nThe text suggests that inventories should be considered investments. Carrying costs for inventories can be world-shaking; the return on investment to a firm for its funds tied up in inventory should be as high as the return it can obtain from other, equally risky uses of the same funds. 20. Since the mid-1990s, many beer and soft-drink cans and bottles have contained a archness date stamped on them to indicate the modish date that the product should be consumed. What problems might such a system cause for the people responsible for managing such inventories? Discuss.\r\n there are a variety of likely answers to this question. One consideration is that product needs to be in places where it can be bought prior to the expiration date. At a minimum, this means that companies need to be able to identify individual product s, locate the products, and move the products to the appropriate place(s). The oldest inventory should be â€Å"turned” before other inventory. Another consideration involves what to do with expired product, a situation that brings into play reverse logistics considerations.\r\n'

'Business Research Methods -Starbucks Essay\r'

'Starbucks C dischargeee gild originated in 1971 as a sm all(prenominal) cocoa house in SeattleWashington. Over the courses, Starbucks has large(p) into a global beau monde go its exclusive taint umbers in national and international securities industrys. Unfortunately in juvenile years, increased competition and feed for thoughtstuff intensiveness has ca utilise the friendship to re-evaluate its assembly railway system st prisegies often wind to the occlusive of legion(predicate) of its stores in legion(predicate) youthfully expanded beas.\r\nThis business t charter and optional proposal is designed to wrap up the issues Starbucks is facing as a dissolvent of the increased competition and commercialize loudness in the burnt umber tree bean industry. Using statistics to salv eld the issue, Team C result devise a shot to take away use an appropriate sample pool as well as primary and vicarious selective tuition sources. The out mystify of the enq uiry depart result in a final exam recommendation related to the problem and the hypothesis that was tested.\r\nSubject ProblemIncreased competition and market strength has caused Starbucks Coffee Company to reevaluate its business strategies in order to eliminate the closure of many of its stores in recentlyexpanded atomic number 18as. Consumers atomic number 18 sapidity the prices in their pocket and be remindful of the next dollar they spend.\r\nDependent and supreme VariablesA recent slump in gross r thus farue and revenue has forced the umber berry bolide fraternity Starbucks to close some(prenominal) one C stored over the last year and forthcoming moths. The fresh sales plummet bequeath be the dependent variable in our look into of the fencesitter variables and their forcefulness of the boilersuit sales.\r\nWhen looking at Starbucks many recent events mickle be attributed to its sales drouth such(prenominal) as the huge unemployment which peck be defined as our independent variables. The first independent variable to cogitate is the over saturation of Starbucks’s locations across the country. Each Starbucks location needfully a certain amount of profit to stopover open, thus several locations go away take hold to resort to closing their doors. With Starbucks popularity early on it opened the door for former(a) competitors such as McDonald’s to serve a reward blackguardeded ice coffee for a cheaper price. Also with the gas prices being steady and the economy trying to rebuild itself from this financial state it doesn’t front economically to purchase a $4-$8 cup of coffee when you tail assemblynister hasten a equal crossway from McDonald’s or your local convenience store.\r\nPopulations of InterestsThe both populations of interest that Learning Team C allow be focusing on will be the consumers for arctic coffee. The cold coffee market has grown with Starbucks being on the higher end and McDonald’s cold coffee being on the lower end of the market. We will channelize the comparison of these deuce companies’ consumers and how the overall market has been effective by the economy.\r\nPro comprise Sources/Resources for Data CollectionFor a primary explore source for Starbucks, info can be collected from market come afters,teleconferencing interviews, consumer questionnaires and focus conclave sessions by havelycontacting clients. early(a) training can be derived from sampling techniques and statisticalmethodologies which atomic number 18 documented to be 1 part of the market profitable value. Secondaryresearch sources ar in the form of information which has already been collected in preceding researchstudies. Examples implicate reports, press released expressions, and initial market research projectsthat eventually arrive at a conclusion, governmental successionncy studies, and trade associations.\r\n consume methods to be used in research ing the two hypotheses will be in honest random sampling and cluster sampling. warnings of nodes will be asked to take a survey in distinct regions and sweeps of the market. The samples will embarrass an assortment of populations including respective(a) while, race, career and nurture levels.\r\nPrimary and Secondary DataPrimary resource information includes Starbucks’ mission statement that implys â€Å"Our Commitment to creation a Deeply Responsible Company Contributing positively to our communities and environment is so grievous to Starbucks that it’s one of the half dozen guiding principles of our mission statement.” (Starbucks, 2008) The effort that Starbucks exudes is a positive one and working in cin one casert with each employee helps them to create the above-average approach that they are known for.\r\nAnalyzing surveys that were generated at the local Starbucks indicated that even though the price of Starbucks has rose in price, consumers are still involuntary to defile that product, especially when a competitor castred McDonald’s sells it, as long as it bears the name Starbucks.\r\nThe observations that take in been analyzed are that Starbucks is known for providing a relaxing populate which can rival those of tight food restaurants. Starbucks has been known to modify their stores to embrace the coffee experience to entice consumers from e truly locomote of life in local communities and end-to-end the world.\r\nâ€Å"One of the benefits of combining primary research with secondary research is in the area of entropy triangulation. Data triangulation is when a plot of ground of data, a finding, or a generalization is able to be verified with several different research methods.” (Driscoll, 2006) For example, when conducting a study on how many college students drink Starbucks coffee, results indicate that â€Å"Coffee drinking appears to be on the rise, and this might non be a fad. The Dall as Morning News recently wrote an article slightly a specific refreshful trend in cold coffee. In a Sept. 4 article, staff author Teresa Gubbins says we have a â€Å" savor affair with hot coffee.”(Cooper, 2003)In this experiment, of the students interviewed, 57 percent of them reported to be coffee drinkers. 55 percent had not been regular coffee consumers before college, and admitted they picked up the habit at once they arrived at SMU.\r\nBecause college is such a drastic transplant in atmosphere, schedules, build make full and stress, many students rely upon coffee as a solution to embark on them by the day. â€Å"I started drinking coffee because I cannot stay awake in class without it,” sophomore Shunta Richardson express. Fifty-nine percent of students said they prefer Starbucks coffee. â€Å"I drink Starbucks coffee because there are so many stores all round the country. No guinea pig where I go I can trust that my favorite drink will be there,â⠂¬Â junior Tyler Torres said. â€Å"(Cooper, 2003)Using secondary data sources, it is necessary to look at what kind of futurity Starbucks is facing. They also need to ask themselves some questions, such as should they plunge in the altogether products considering the trend of the health conscious(p)? How will Starbucks market new products and keep to keep the price down? Starbucks moldiness also look at the demographics of the luff market to ensure the validity of concern.\r\nStarbucks must(prenominal) also research and use presage in an effort to predict future revenue. â€Å"Forecasting long-range predictions are immanent to allow sufficient time for the procurement, manufacturing, sales, finance, and other departments of a company to develop plans for mathematical new plants, financing, development of new products, and new methods of assembling.” (Lind, Marchal & Wathen, 2004)Sample SizeStarbucks has become a known company for selling the highest choice coffee beans and best tasting coffee products around the world. Starbucks was one of the first companies to substantiveize that the real capital to be made was in beverage retailing, not just coffee beans. What makes Starbucks coffee stands out from the other corporations is the roasters of Starbucks coffees are extensively trained for one year before they start the production of the coffee. Starbucks is the thus far competitor in the coffee market that has a recognized brand image.\r\nStarbucks have introduced gourmet flavored decaffeinated coffees as well as specialty flavors and whole bean coffees for their truehearted coffee drinkers. Starbucks stores operated in most metropolitan areas of the United States and have a post get down business to serve customers in every state. One of Starbucks competitors for the premium roast coffee is McDonalds which they offer a similar product for less than the cost of Starbucks. This has posed a problem for a swell deal of Starbucks retailers because customers these days are very conscious of their spending habits and figure why leave the cost of Starbucks when they can get the same product from McDonalds for a lesser cost. The sample sizing consisted of a group of 100 which the first group of 50 is Starbucks customers and the other 50 were McDonald customers.\r\nCustomer surveys are one of the tools that can quantify the offset and use of such tools are important to determine the need for a product and changes. The surveys can measure whether or not the marketing plan is effective, or if it needs to be repackaged and delivered in a different fashion. The initial choice of a quick, yet descriptive questionnaire is paramount to gather infallible information. Starbucks and McDonalds need to identify their customers, what are they willing to pay for this product and how do they rate the premium roast coffee. For each customer at Starbucks and McDonalds every 10th customer can complete the survey and procure 10 % off their next purchase.\r\n downstairs would be questions that would be included in the survey for Starbucks and McDonalds customers:•How often is premium roast coffee purchased? (daily/weekly/monthly)•What is your specific age bracket? (under 18/ 18-24/ 25-44/ over 45) •Where do you make your purchases? (restaurant/grocery store/mail order)•What is the cost that you are willing to pay for premium roast coffee? (less than $2/ $2 †$4/ Over $4)•What brand of premium roast coffee do you purchase? (Starbucks/McDonalds/other competitor)As you can bring in statistics can play an important enjoyment when making decisions. A manager at one of these companies can reduce the unexpected, and potentially costly, variances when making business decisions. Starbucks coffee is lots expensive than McDonalds but Starbucks puts time and money into their product which ultimately increases the cost. Most consumers are excited about the competition of premium roast coffee such as McDonalds because of the low cost yet constant customers to Starbucks because of the quality. When uncertainty is reduced better conclusions can be drawn that will denigrate risk and maximize profit gain.\r\nSample SelectionThe police squad examined secondary data at bottom this business problem analysis, which can render a impregnable time and money by using publicly on hand(predicate) information as well as information already in the firm’s database. If the company had already conducted research of the best markets indoors its regions and area of influence, the company would be smart to use this when decision making how to downsize its stores. While using secondary information is cost effective, the use of secondary data must be certainly considered and used only when applicable to the research question. Starbucks will need to gather accurate and honest secondary information, which can either be sub-contracted out to a firm that specializes in mar ket research or it can form an indwelling research aggroup to explore opportunities which will start to symbolise themselves as the company begins to downsize. A primeval concern for the validity of data is the age of the data.\r\nAll the data is sensitive to the effect of time so any execute being taken by the company must account for the changing record of the environmental landscape. One questions that Starbucks should ask its internal or external research team is, â€Å"How does the coffee market change once the Starbucks brand is not as inexpugnable as it used to be?” some other question would be, â€Å"What types of aftermath will come with coffee saturation in the fast food markets, will customers want quality over quantity?” Starbucks should use accurate, steady- tone ending and timely data in its decision-making processes going further. The company would be surprised to see that opportunities will arise even within the decrease of its stores. An examp le of this type of fortune occurs when customers get tired of fast food production of coffee, Starbucks can offer wide hours at its current stores to maximize on profits.\r\nThe team used demographic data within this analysis in which data was collected from Starbucks clientele through various surveys. Although demographic data will change and cultural habits may differ from towns community to town, the selection of cities with a vibrant coffee drinking base improves the odds of co-ordinated consumers that prefer Starbucks premium product line versus that of McDonalds or any other new rival.\r\nIn an effort to hear from the people who matter the most, Starbucks should look to survey frequent, periodical and without a doubt new customers. When selecting age and gender criteria to survey, the team used careful consideration and attention was paid to all age groups. However, in an effort not to taint the results of this analysis, the team found that typically, pre-teens are neither decision makers, nor do they occupy the spending power required for Starbucks products on a continued basis. Therefore, pre-teens were omitted from the sample.\r\nAlthough the teenagers have about the same spending power as pre-teens Starbucks does offer an atmosphere and products in which the company could use in the future as an opportunity. This age group was left in the surveyed population as the team conducted its analysis. grammatical gender was annotated as a means to direct creative marketing and capitalize on the different sexes. Although the research team was in force(p) in its attempts to give Starbucks the best information available, statistical testing cannot prove the viability of Starbucks’ ersatz hypothesis so company executives must weigh the test results using the wealthiness of professional experience possessed by the Starbucks’ organization.\r\nReferences\r\nCorporate Social Responsibilityhttp://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/csr.aspCraving a caffei n high, SMU opens Java City on campus as coffee houses battle to attract students off the Hilltop, by Melissa Cooper, retrieved on the network at http://media.www.smudailycampus.com/media/storage/paper949/news/2003/01/16/News/Craving.A.Caffeine.High-2273665.shtmlStarbucks Case Study (2007).\r\n'

'Injections and Withdrawals Essay\r'

'Injections and withdrawals argon crucial features in our understanding of economic activity and the military control cycle. Explain the relationship between them and how they influence home(a) income.\r\n* Injections- altogether part of adopt for firms arises through consumers, the remainder comes from early(a) sources outside the inner flow.\r\nInvestment- This is the gold firms make it later obtaining it from various financial institutions, either past nest egg or loans or through new shorten of sh atomic number 18s. They may invest in equipment or building up stocks.\r\npolitical science pulmonary tuberculosis- When administration go funds on goods and services produced by firms. This has a invalidating impact on home(a) income as it reduces bills operable but can add-on field of study income through expenditure and increased production.\r\nExport Expenditure- money floes into circular flow from abroad when residents abroad bargain our exports of goods and s ervices. Positive for economic growth and increases national income. (source:economics)\r\n* Withdrawals- only part of households income spent goods and services, the remainder will be withdrawn from the inner flow.\r\nNet Saving- Saving is money households choose not to spend and put deviation for future. If households don’t spend as very much then national income waterfall, not many products brought, receipts falls. Whereas if they spend instead of save, national income increases.\r\nNet Taxes- Withdrawal of money from inner flow with no choice. theme income increases by collecting taxes, to a greater extent money available for government. However paying benefits to unemployed workers money flows otherwise stylus and reduces national income.\r\nImport Expenditure- Households spend slightly of their income on imported goods and services. Although money consumers spend on such goods initially flows domestic retailers, it eventually finds it way abroad decreasing nationa l income. (source:economics)\r\nGDP †Measures national income.\r\nGDP = Gross Domestic crossroad.\r\n* Measures of national income-\r\n> Product approach- Net saving increases, products brought and sold decreases, GDP falls which decreases national income\r\n> Income approach- Net taxes increases, households incomes are reduced and accordingly have less disposable income which reduces national income.\r\n> Expenditure approach- expenditure increases more money entering economy, increase GDP and national income. (source:Bized)\r\nRelationship between Injections and Withdrawals.\r\n validating links-\r\n* Saving and Investment-\r\no If more money is rescue then there will be more money for banks and other financial institutions to lend out.\r\no Saving increases then investment falls\r\no Saving increases then national income decreases since tribe are saving and not spending, GDP falls.(source: Business)\r\n* Taxation and Government Expenditure-\r\no If tax receipts are higher, the government may be more keen to increase its expenditure.\r\no Taxation increases government expenditure increases.\r\no Taxation increase, households have less disposable income, consequently GDP falls which reduces national income. (source:Business)\r\n* Imports and exports-\r\no If imports increase, incomes of people abroad will increase, which will enable them to buy more of our exports.\r\no Imports increase then the offset of payments becomes deficit. (source:Business)\r\n* However there’s no guarantee.\r\no Firms may wish to invest more or less than people wish to save\r\no Governments can spend more than they receive in taxes or vice versa;\r\no Exports can go past imports or vice versa; (source:tutor2u.net)\r\n> Decisions to save and invest are made by different people , consequently they plan to invest and save different amounts.\r\n> take away for imports may not be equal to demand for exports\r\n> Governments may choose not to make r evenue equal to government spending, it may choose to spend all of its tax revenues- budget surplus, or spend more than it receives in tax- budget deficit.\r\nTHUS be after INJECTIONS MAY NOT EQUAL PLANNED WITHDRAWALS.\r\nBibliography\r\nEconomics- can buoy Sloman\r\nBusiness Environment- Dr Phil Drummond\r\nwww.Bized.ac.uk\r\nwww.Tutor2u.net\r\n'

'Assignment Communication Profile\r'

'During the course of the day, I spent incisively as much duration listen as I did talking so I pre carry it is 50/50. I thought before doing this map that I did non talk much nevertheless after I look at it I spend just as much cartridge holder itemisation as I do talking. afterward noticing that most of my day is silent beca function no superstar is at home I envisage I need to find something to do during the day. When it comes to the different types of listing such as comprehensive listening, empathetic listening, little listening and appreciative listening I detect I use mostly appreciative listening and empathetic listening.Because I am A preventive at home mom ab step forward the any conversations I have are with my daughter and her dad so I spend most of my time soothing them and helping them with there worrys and just universe there to listen to them. I think I need the most cleansement in unfavorable listening because some times I tend to loose the whole idea of the conversations I am in and find my self daydreaming and blockade people out. I think improving on critical listing lead help me a lot because not only volition I be listing to what people have to rate I would very be deporting attrition and understand what they are talking about.I think to improve on this listing skill I will need to get out of the house more often and conduct with different types of people. Over all I think my listing and communications skills could use some work. I think most of my problem is being stuck inside the house except for unrivaled day a month when I do errands and shop for food. I think getting out and meeting new people and communicating with help would help me out a great deal. I think with a few minor tolerance to my normal day to day life will help me in a big way.Now when I go out I will pay more attrition to my communication skills. Because who kat onces what people think of me when I go out and they try to chat to me and I just smile and shake my judgement and they can tell I am not listing to what they are saying. Now since I am paying more attention to the way I communicate I have practiced it with my family and they told me I was acting different because now I actually take in everything that have to say.I also communicate more with them than I use to and they say I seem like a different person. I enjoy the time I have with my family now and pay more attention to my communication skills. They give tongue to before I was like a dishevel on a log I was ever so in a daze and never unfeignedly said anything back to them when they were talking. Now I am on my way to better communication skills not just in my personal life further my social life as well.\r\n'

'Homebound Furniture\r'

'To provide a unique and sophisticated furniture products. To provide a high feature product in an affordable price. To be client-oriented. mint To be the leading manufacturer of furniture and to throw out the choice of furniture products in the country. Business model Statement Homebound product varies from a large array of homes, offices and various establishments furnitures. The company sees to it that delivers high quality products from the world-class raw materials do in the Philippines. Its unique, modernistic and functional designs suited to the taste of meticulous customers.Its products give customers who gravel furniture needs. Homebound furniture merely gives customers top of the line products that will last foresighted and give full customers satisfaction. Homebound furnitures can be bought in its own store. The company also reaches a lot of people to promote their products by link expositions, bazaars and hosting our own exhibit. Business and its Management T eam A Homebound is a company that manufactures and sells furnitures for homes, offices and establishments. Its product is make of high quality materials and designs that ar unique and innovative.The products are mostly made of world class materials made in Philippines. Rationale The proponents establish this problem because it is a near(a) to be a direct vender/ manufacturer of furniture products than to hire a distributor. The mainstay people who will invest 1. CEO/chairwoman personal line of credit Description: Holds and liable for all minutes of the business. Job Specifications: College graduate, have a skills in business management and business financial, computer literate Qualifications: Has an hold as board director in a many Estimated Salary per calendar month: PH 180,000 per month Job military position: Full time upper-case letter: 10 Million 2. merchandise and Sales handler Job Descriptions: Liable for maintaining and establishing marketing strategies and sales p roduction. Job specifications: College graduate, have a skills and talent in marketing strategies and good in sales. Qualifications: Has an experience and knowledge in use marketing and sales division Job Status: Full time 3. Production and Operation manager Job Description: Spearheads the production and operation discussion section JobSpecifications: College graduate, have good skills in supervisory manufacturing subdivision Qualifications: Has an experience in handling operations department Job Status: Full time family Statement 1. CEO/chairwoman Supervises: Finance Director, HRS Director, Marketing and Sales Director and Production and Operation Director Coordinates: every last(predicate) departments Outside the company: IT, City topographic point 2. Production and Operation Director Reports to: CEO/President Supervises: Maintenance Head, Assembly, Finishing, Creative Design, Quality Control Coordinates: All executive management\r\n'

'Buddhism, Legitimation, and Conflict: The Political Functions of Urban Thai Buddhism Essay\r'

'Ide aloney, Buddhism is a theology with a huge following whereby the believers in the religion follow and interact socially with the Dharma school of thought which is basically what the Buddha taught or his way of living. Dharma is the path to shit such enlightenment and the teachings of Buddha and with the following of Buddhisticicicics traditions shows the variances in attaining Dharma and reaching enlightenment. The Buddha way of teaching is only considered cooperative to individuals if it is practiced with discipline what the Buddha’s themselves called the VinayaCITATION Jac07 p 44 l 1033 (Jackson 44). The understanding of Buddhism is expressed by the acts of those who deport unwillingly to the apparition of Dharma-Vinaya and preach its beliefs to the masses. Like some other religions, Buddhists produce multiple sects and traditions. In essence, the last-ditch goal for all Buddhists is to attain enlightenment. Theraveda Buddhism accounts for nearly 90 five percent of the population in siamese connectionland and this shows notwithstanding how much Buddhism more than both other religion is influential in Thailand. In the long story of the cosmea of Thailand, the citizens seem to commit been predominantly Buddhist by religion at least from the instant they were acquainted with it. Current historical records show that all the previous kings of Thailand were adherents of Buddhism. Most notable is the position that the Thai system exempt reads that a Thai baron must be a Buddhist and as a result, must be the ultimate sustainer of Buddhism.\r\nTheravada School of Buddhism has been one of the terce major forces that concur influence in the country. Despite the existence of veridical regional and topical anesthetic variations, the major themes of Buddhism in Thailand be provided by the Theravada schoolCITATION Mac07 p 87 l 1033 (Mackenzie 87). Traditionally, Pali is the oral communication of religion in Thailand as evidence d by the fact that the scriptures be recorded in Pali by means of the older Tham and Khom scripts or the modern Thai script. As the primary apparitional Thai text, Pali is too apply in sacred rite despite the short(p) number of Thai citizens who understand it.\r\n Hindoo beliefs from Cambodia also serves ar a signifi bathroomt influence on Buddhism in Thailand ee fussy(a)ly during the Sukothai period. The Thai kingship institution was more often than not influenced by Vedic Hinduism just as it did in Cambodia which as a result exerted influence in the creation of law and order in the night club and religion of Thailand. There are certain rituals that are still practiced in modern Thailand by monks or specialists in Hindu rituals that can clearly be related to Hind practices or of Hindu origin. Essentially, Hindu influence can still be seen inwardly Buddhist ceremonies and institutions in Thailand despite the fact that the visibility of Hinduism at bottom Thai baseball club has small(a) significantly during the Chakri DynastyCITATION Suk10 p 34 l 1033 (Suksamran 34).\r\n family line religion is the third major influence on Thai Buddhism as seen in the Buddhist rituals and precepts that are used in trying to appease the local spirits. Although the Thais who have accepted Western education often tend to define the line amongst practices of kinship group religion and Thai Buddhism, this is quite a old area given the practices of the rural locales.\r\nAn in-depth analysis of these three influences can clearly be traced through the real development and practices within the semipolitical placement of Thailand. whiz of the most striking things that one notices upon arrival in Thailand is the magnificent Buddhist temple with its exquisite architecture coupled with the sight of monks and novices in yellow cloaked especially in the wee hours of the day. This sight serves as an inevitable reminder to both residents and foreigners of the dominance of Buddhism in the Thai nation\r\nDespite the fact that Thailand soon exists as a constitutional monarchy, its political system is quite a reflection of the string southeasterly Asian tradition of Buddhist supremacy disposition that link the legitimacy of the judicature to its offer and certificate for Buddhist institutions. This link has progressed into the modern era as seen in cases where Buddhist clergy and institutions are given special treatment by the Thai government as advantageously as being subjected to a special government oversightCITATION Jac07 p 90 l 1033 (Jackson 90).\r\n withal the cleric leadership of the Sangha, Buddhist temples and monks in Thailand are supervised by a profane government ministry. Good examples of these occurrences have been seen in the legal call forth of reform movements and Buddhist sects. For example , the case of Santi Asoke received legal prohibition from referring to itself as a Buddhist denomination and in the prosecution of monk s who have been persecuted in the case of ordaining women by trying to revive downslope of the Theravada bhikkhuni and in so doing tried to impersonate clergy outgrowths so their demiseCITATION Mac07 p 111 l 1033 (Mackenzie 111). A further interrogation of the Buddhist ways reveals certain themes and guidelines in the religious teachings of Buddha. The Srakakayana literally translates as the disciples. This is important to the Thai combine because as Buddhists listen to the teachings of Buddha and practice the teachings therefore neat disciples. They thus listen to the text and scriptures then they can find their way to salvation. Generally, this concentration allows them to realize Dharma through listening and practicing.\r\nFor a monk in Thailand to become a passport in order to fail abroad, one must have a Buddhist monk identification card, an official letter granting the authority to travel outside Thailand from the Sangha Supreme Council, any sign Thai passport or a certifiable equivalent thereof and a copy of signboard Registration. Beside these insurmountable acts of state recognition and support from the Thai state like the official gifts to monasteries from officials within the kinglike family and the government , Buddhist monks have quite a number of special rights bestowed upon them. Buddhist monks have addition to free humanity transportation in airports and fill stations where they often have special seating room allocations. There is no law that directly forbids members of Buddhist institutions like monks and nuns from being candidates in the enrollment for recruitment as government officers. However, both the Sangha Supreme Council which serves as the supervising agency for Thai Buddhist communities and the Council of Ministers have placed such prohibition in cases of rightness in accordance with the Memorandum of the Administrative part of the CabinetCITATION Suk10 p 127 l 1033 (Suksamran 127) . On the contrary, it is a cur se for ordained monastic to stand for office or vote in elections. No member of the Buddhist community or other religious communities is entitle to either elect or be select for any government position. The Thai constitution disfranchises a monk, novice, clergy member or priest of Buddhist religion from holding any government post. In addition, any member who is elected as a exemplar will lose membership upon becoming a Buddhist monk, nun or clergy. This illustrates a clear fact that Buddhist members are not in any way appropriate for Thai politics. The existence of Buddhists members like monks and nuns highly depends on the respect of the prevalent and as a result, society expects them to behave in a way that calls for respect for the entire public and not a specific affiliate communityCITATION Jac07 p 221 l 1033 (Jackson 221). Any involvement by a Buddhist member either in support or participation of an election is considered a snap off of the unusual conduct of the law and th e Buddhist member is considered to have disgraced his religion, community as well as himself. Thus failure of monk or nun to uphold these stipulated rules is ground enough for them to condemned, disrespected and balked at in various ways.\r\nSince 2007 there have been some(prenominal) calls by Thai Buddhists to acquire recognition within the new constitution of Thailand as a state religion. Initially, this suggestion received rejection from the committee that was responsible for pen the new constitution which consequently triggered quite a number of protests from those who supported the initiative such as a hunger strike by xii of the Buddhist monk and various protest barrier within the capital of ThailandCITATION Mac07 p 210 l 1033 (Mackenzie 210). Opponents of the plan, including Sulak Sivaraksa who is a renowned Thai social critic and scholar, did so based on claims that political gain is the movement force behind the call to declare Buddhism as a discipline religion and th at it may have manipulated by the Thai supported Thaksin Sinawatra who had just been ousted as the country’s Prime Minister. As expect the Committee drafting the constitution later on failed to vote in support of the special precondition of Buddhism and in so doing provoked intense reaction from religious groups which criticized the committee for being impartial to religious affiliates. The issue also caught the attention of the Queen of Thailand who elevated concerns over the matter and on her birthday, she delivered a lyric through which she highlighted the notion that Buddhism goes way beyond politics.\r\nThe monastic politics of Thailand is in plump out upheaval. The Sangha can no longer be dismissed as political force and simply perceived as a legitimacy fount for the country and for the monarchy. The role compete by hundreds of monks in ProThaksin redshirts between March and may of 2010 are a clear proof of the developing apprehension within Buddhism. However, beyond these intense displays of complete lack of satisfaction, an important fact is the Buddhism and in this case the Sangha, faces quite a number of serious challenges. From a Buddhist perspective, the solution of Thailand’s approach to Buddhism is twofold. start and foremost, there should be a link between Buddhist base communities in Thailand to create a relatively decentralized society that can thenceforth serve as a model for religion. The bit solution lays in the attainment of a society that is more just on a national level through fighting for political reforms steered by Buddhist thinkers. The newly established Thai constitution that includes a democratic process that is reformed with a balance of power and structural check serves as a stepping stone towards structural change within Thailand’s political system.\r\nReferences\r\nJackson , Peter A. Buddhism, Legitimation, and deviation: The Political Functions of Urban Thai Buddhism. capital of Thailand: re present of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007.\r\nMackenzie, Rory . New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke. New York: Routledge, 2007.\r\nSuksamran, Somboon . Buddhism and Politics in Thailand: A Study of Socio-political Change and Political Activism of the Thai Sangha. Bangkok: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010.\r\nSource register\r\n'

'Barton Case Study Essay\r'

'After analyzing the baptistery, the theories and concepts that reach are: 1. 1 Evidence-Based Management (EBM) theory commits the trounce(p) available evidence for making managerial decisions. The fundamental problem that Karen Barton faces with Dave Palmer is that he foc habituated only on the reports that contained mostly qualitative benefits from the broadcasts and did non contain some(prenominal) quantitative benefits and concordly generate his decision of solecism the calculate. Whereas Organizational Behavior (OB) states that a manager should use each(prenominal) the three approaches of intuition, faddism and systematic dissect unitedly.\r\nIt states the use of evidence to inform the intuition and experience. 1. 2 Dave palmer likewise faces Overconfidence and Availability Bias, as he believed be situations much in his ability to make adept decision when it was fill out outside of his feature expertise. As he was convinced after the telephonic chat with Ba rton that in that location was nothing more left to discuss as yet though the last-and the-only executive director director teaching computer programme he attended was ages ago in 1980.\r\nHe thus far emphasized on information that was most quickly at hand and ignored the fact that in-house program if introduced, could reinforce Stockton’s three-pronged agenda and it would smoo therefore the consolidation process. 1. 3 Equity theory develops that employees indulge into comparisons of the ratios of their own outcomes and efforts with those of differents to check whether they are treated more or less favorably.\r\nSimilarly in the cheek Karen compared her executive education budget cut by more than 75% to training for lower-level employees by only 10% which made her feel under-compensated and less favorable and second when Freita pointed out that he had to demonstrate the bottom notation impact for every budget cycle Karen pointed out that If he could spend money on equipment maintenance, adaptation and improvement, Why couldn’t she do the same for people. This iniquity motivated her to attain her goal. 1.\r\n4 â€Å"Adjustment live” of attitudes enables a person to bend according to a new situation and to conclude how to act in future so as to attain benefits from such(prenominal) situations in future. In the typeface we see Karen was disappointed, faultfinding(prenominal) and aggressive initi each(prenominal)y nevertheless later on her attitude changed towards the situation and she started to be more possible and relaxed in her approach, as it was critical for her to get the best out of the case that she would put forward in front of Palmer. 1. 5 Attribution Theory in social perception is when we see others behavior we postulate to understand why people be gift the panache they do.\r\nKaren similarly wanted to understand how Palmer’s sagacity domesticateed and so she scanned by means of Palmer’s bio to decide on how she should make her case to get him on her side so that he approves it. 2. HOW SHOULD BARTON MAKE HER CASE FOR administrator EDUCATION? From Barton’s chat with Freitas and Palmer we can deduct that palmer is a clear-headed person who believes in performance and evidence. We in addition get an idea from her conversation with Freitas that her ambitious budget whitethorn create an interdepartmental rivalry at heart the devoted.\r\nKeeping any these points in mind Barton requires a presentation that demonstrates both the qualitative as tumefy as quantitative advantages of the executive education program and answers why does Zendal need these programs the most when the firm is dealing with street corner and a merger. Firstly she lead have to convince Palmer that the executive education programs have come a long way since 1980’s and that the executive education programs are not the same that they utilise to be when he attended them. She may tote up up the example of Dreyer’s Grand Ice balm firm.\r\nThis go forth obviously not convince her boss, but will help her in acquire the c entirely for attention and seriousness from Dave Palmer’s part. She should start her case by showing Palmer the studies that clearly demonstrate a link between executive education, performance in management and shareholders value. She must tie up executive education programs with the business drivers of the firm and explain how the programs will help the firm in achieving them fast. Then she should discourse to Palmer intimately the kind of leaders he wants in his face. ‘Are the leaders of Zendal go than its competitors? What is unique about Zendal’s leaders?\r\nThe aim of this would be to evidence to make Palmer realize how an in house executive education program will help Zendal in creating leaders that are different and better than its competitors. Also, the managers of the firm need to formulate fresh strateg ies to deal with recession and since a new firm has been acquired, the new executives should be made familiar with the existing culture of Zendal as they may find it hard to adjust according to their culture, which would ultimately lead to an inefficient performance from their part. twain these problems can be solved with a wizard stroke of an in-house executive education program.\r\nShe must in like manner state in her brush that the employees who would attend these programs will be closely monitored and it will be made sure that they use the acquired knowledge. For the quantitative part she may follow the following frame doing to calculate ROI, on which Dave Palmer has been insisting upon. Investment * Tuition * Salary * court of not world able to be not be on the job Add all these up and we will get total personify (per participant) Return * NPV of improved capability in 2 years * NPV of improved team skill in 2 years * NPV of improved ability to make judgment in 2 years.\ r\nAdd all these up and we will get total pecuniary results of the bewilder But to employ this type of framework, the project must be first approved. For the time organism she can show him all the satisfaction reports that she has been getting filled from employees who attend a program and explain how she is careful about the company’s bills and discourages employees from attending programs that have been rated â€Å"poor” or â€Å" at a lower place average” three times in a row. Lastly to get her funds approved she involve to assure Palmer that there will be no inter departmental rivalry within the organization due to release of huge funds from the focal ratio management.\r\nFor that, her HR unit must go and blab out to each of the departmental heads and understand their problems and design the education program according to their needs. This will help in two ways, firstly this approach will not generalize the program and serve the firm better by being pr ecise and secondly the conversation with departmental heads will make the heads understand that disbursement of this huge amount is for the good of their own departments, consequently as well solving the problem of interdepartmental rivalry. 3. reflection factor UPON OUR EXPERIENCES OF WORKING IN A GROUP:\r\n running(a) with this collection was an enriching learning experience for all the convocation fractions. It brought some difficulty and stress, because ag crowd members had different views on the case study but with the help of discussions and reciprocal understanding we decided which view to go with for the report. This was also an advantage of work in a classify since we got to know many diverse opinions. The root word went through the sundry(a) stages of formation of a group. In the ‘ impress’ stage of the group, the members were Aarti Sharma, Arjun Kumar, Pallav Goel, Sakshi Dixit, Vishal Chaudhary, Vipul and Yamini Arora.\r\nDuring the ‘Storm ’ stage, the inherent process of working in our group was very systematic in order to avoid any chaos. For the commencement, Aarti called for a group meeting to discuss about the assignment and bring the group together. She invited all members by sending mails. It was then decided that each member would read the case study and analyze the problems of the case study. Sakshi gave the print outs to each group member three days forwards the group meeting. In the ‘Norm’ stage, the group meeting was held and each member shared their views on the case study, key points were figured out and accordingly work was divided among the members.\r\nThe task of putting together the entire project was depute to Pallav. The group then ‘performed’ their assigned duties and in the ‘adjourn’ stage, since this group was created for a one-time task, the group was then dispersed. The exclusively group describes: * Aarti as an enthusiastic, use and encouragi ng group member. She was good at analyzing the problems, performed paternity and made us work as a whole group together. * Arjun was serious towards the case study and gave every possible contribution to the assignment on his part. * Pallav as proficient and hardworking.\r\nHe devoted all the required time for the project and helped to bring together the entire project. * Sakshi as a reliable group member who timely completed the assigned tasks and vie a role in communication with various non-boarding group members. * Yamini as an active participant in the group meetings and played an important part in analyzing various OB theories and concepts. She also took part in writing the project. * Vipul as a responsible team member as in spite of being unwell, he was in contact with the group passim and put in his share of work and participated whole heartedly.\r\n* Vishal was a part of analyzing the case. The group decided to not elect a leader but selected a coordinator in order to pas s information to all group members. Each of us displayed leadership qualities in the group at various times. We influenced each other’s behavior, actions and encouraged each other to contribute time on the assignment. . Each group member was committed to the group and made contributions according to his/her potential. every inclusive, It was a satisfying experience of working with this group because we worked as a team with planning and learnt to work without any personal prejudices.\r\nREFERENCES: * Kesner, I, Burnett, S, Morrison, M, Tichy, N, & Ownes, D 2003, ‘leaders Development: Perk or Priority? ‘, Harvard vocation Review, 81, 5, pp. 29-38, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 October 2012. * Bolt, JF 1993, ‘Ten old age of Change in Executive Education’, culture & Development, 47, 8, p. 43, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 October 2012. * Traindis, H. C. (1971), offices and Attitude Change,John Wiley and Sons. * Eagly,A. ,and Chaiken,S. (1993),Psychology of Attitudes,NY,Harcourt and Brace Jovanovich.\r\n'

'Apprising Employees at the San Diego Zoo\r'

' beating-reed instrument Nevers Chapter 8 Case field of force Case study 2 November 10,2012 Online Employee performance 1. The San Diego Zoological Society last came to the realization that they needed more from their employees even though the union was nonprofit. After further research the fellowship decided to go with a revolutionary estimate system to evaluate their employees. They concluded it would be an online estimation system. The strategy behind this system was to come up with a collaboration that would coincide with the organizational goals, and leap the tycoon of the employee to set their own goals.This idea would answer prevent breakdown within the system, which allows the employees to communicate on a personal basis. This system eventually target to a merit establish platform to t qualified service pay the employees salaries. Not only did the system action its goals it allowed those who were slightly computer illiterate to be able to add input and it allowe d the employees to record their achievements. 2. Is it worth it for the society to go with an online system? There are the pros and cons.For simulation by changing to an online system the society bequeath be able to streamline their efforts of recruiting, reduce paperwork, charm increasing a subjective base of individuals, furthermore it allows the managers to design a process that fits their needs and ideals establish upon the organizations mission. On the flipside the employees set about concerns about the outcome of the prototype that is generated by the software. They feel that it could be biased based upon the organizational needs instead of the employees needs. 3.I feel that the new appraisal system go away allow the employee to have the opportunity to track their performance achievements throughout the division in a simple way, this process go away be beneficial to them when it comes to the annual appraisal with their managers. The managers on the other hand will hav e the ability to track and maintain a centralized info base of information of measures to help establish a baseline on the employee for the annual appraisal. The online system will benefit both the employee and the manager.\r\n'

'Hugh’s character Essay\r'

'The final story, which Hugh tells, incorporates the many criticisms of Hugh’s character. He covers up his own failings and inadequacies as a defence mechanism and reiterates this by saying to Owen, ‘to mean everything is a form of madness. ‘ This story is closely a turning point of Hugh’s character and for the listening’s interruption of his character. Hugh is no longer a two dimensional caricature but a real character with human attributes, hence why we can be searing and admirable towards him.\r\n subsequently completely, Hugh is a self-educated man with a commodious depth of lie withledge of the Classics, speaking four languages, that we know of, Greek, Latin, Gaelic and English; nearly all of which he would collect to have taught himself. He seems to be impelled to share his knowledge. By teaching the Classics in his surroundings of rural poverty, himself a picture of poor crucify countryman, we must appreciate his drive and ability. H ugh also hold the ‘Hedge School’ well as farther as we know.\r\nHe is attempting to educate the locals and one almost feels that he has taken the school from the hedge lines into the boron and still as an old man in his early sixties he has the ambition to run low onward and upward to a new placement at the new national school. He is understandably a figure in the local conjunction who is looked up and rewarded by his peers and students alike. In addition, Yolland has a great deal of respect for him, calling him ” an knowing man. ‘ Yolland almost has more respect for Hugh than Owen does because Owen continues to be critical of him and Yolland repeats, ‘But so astute,’ almost placing Hugh on a pedestal.\r\nIn addition, as an consultation you have to respect his ability to cope with his situation, his wife has died and his sons are with prohibited a mother. It is easy to be critical of Hugh but you have to admire his ability to cope with the hard truthfulness of the times he is living in even so if that means trying to erase the past. After all he did depart in an age of quite a little to mouth existence and he almost blocks out the reality of these hardships. His survival mechanism is a immanent and human instinct. We cannot really blame him for wanting to live in an unrealistic world of Greek allegory and Latin past.\r\nNeither can you chastise his drinking. His life style and the stress of his situation is what drives him to drink and you cannot really gaolbreak him for that. All of these small but simple gestures that Friel incorporates into Hugh’s character are what make us as an audience have admiration for him. Friel does not create a stereotypical character, but a ‘fully-rounded’ single(a) with human qualities, it is these qualities, which allow us as an audience to both admire and criticise his character.\r\n'

'American Literature Essay\r'

'When the incline pr separatelyer and author Sidney metal shiter asked in 1820, â€Å"In the intravenous feeding qu cunningers of the globe, who guides an Ameri buttocks book? ” bittie did he suspect that less than both snow years later the answer in lit judgment of convictionte quarters would be â€Å" good ab drop away e very(prenominal) unriv entirelyed(a). ” Indeed, just a few years after Smith posed his inflammatory movement, the Ameri hold writer Samuel Knapp would go approximately to assemble unrivalled of the eldest histories of Ameri rump writings as part of a lecture serial that he was giving.\r\nThe course physicals offered by Ameri fag end Passages march on in the tradition begun by Knapp in 1829. wholeness goal of this argona have is to cargon you limit to be a lit eonry historian: that is, to inst each you to Ameri ass lit as it has evolved every shopping mall magazine and to stimulate you to make conjoinions amongst and amon g textbooks. bid a literary historian, when you make these connections you be pronounceing a story: the story of how Ameri pile usualations came into being.\r\nThis Overview outlines four paths ( there be many differentwises) by which you can inform the story of American writings: one anchor on literary movements and historical change, one ground on the American Passages Overview Questions, one based on context of mappings, and one based on multi paganism. TELLING THE fable OF AMERICAN publications literary Movements and Historical potpourri American Passages is organized somewhat sixteen literary movements or â€Å" kindly units. ” A literary movement c inscribes around a group of authors that share certain rhetorical and thematic concerns.\r\n severally unit intromits ten authors that are represented either in The Norton Anthology of American books or in the Online memorial. Two to four of these authors are discussed in the video, which calls dir ection to important historical and ethnic influences on these authors, de delightfuls a genre that they share, and proposes some break thematic parallels. Tracking literary movements can religious service you see how American writings has changed and evolved over condemnation. In general, great deal think intimately literary movements as reacting against earlier modes of writing and earlier movements. For T E L L I N G T H E S T O R Y O F\r\nA M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E 3 sheath, just as modernism ( units 10â€13) is a great deal seen as a response to realism and the Gilded Age (Unit 9), so Romanticism is seen as a response to the prudence (Unit 4). Most of the units management on one era (see the chart below), but they leave a lone(prenominal) often include relevant authors from other eras to stand by draw out the connections and differences. (Note: The movements in parentheses are not limited to authors/ plant from the era in interrogation, but they do proce ed some material from it. ) Century Fifteenth†17th Eighteenth Era reincarnation American Passages Literary Movements.\r\n(1: primal Voices) 2: Exploring Borderlands 3: Utopian squall (3: Utopian promise) 4: purpose of patriotism (7: slavery and liberty) 4: ruling of patriotism 5: man wish Heroes 6: black letter Undercurrents 7: slaveholding and liberty (1: native-born Voices) 6: Gothic Undercurrents 8: regional Realism 9: affectionate Realism (1: Native Voices) 10: Rhythms in song 11: Modernist Portraits 12: unsettled contend 13: Confederate Renaissance 1: Native Voices 2: Exploring Borderlands 12: migratory compete 14: bonny Visible 15: meter of firing off 16: attempt for individuation Enlightenment Nineteenth Romanticist Nineteenth Rea dip\r\n ordinal Modernist Twentieth Postmodernist Each unit contains a durationline of historical neverthelessts along with the dates of key literary texts by the movement’s authors. These timelines are design ed to help you make connections surrounded by and among the movements, eras, and authors covered in each unit. 4 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? Overview Questions The Overview Questions at the offset of each unit are tailored from the basketball team American Passages Overview Questions that exist. They are meant to help you focus your see and reading and participate in discussion afterward. 1. What is an American?\r\nHow does writings get to conceptions of the American feature and American identity? This deuce-part question should trigger discussion nigh issues such as, Who belongs to America? When and how does one become an American? How has the search for identity among American writers changed over time? It can also sanction discussion to a greater extent or less the ways in which immigration, colonization, conquest, youth, race, class, and gender affect theme identity. 2. What is American writings? What are the distinctive voices and styles in Ame rican lit? How do tender and govern psychical issues influence the American canon?\r\nThis multi-part question should vex discussion or so the aesthetics and reception of American literary educate. What is a masterpiece? When is something handed literature, and how is this category culturally and historically dependent? How has the canon of American literature changed and wherefore? How prolong American writers employ language to create art and meaning? What does literature do? This question can also raise the issue of American exceptionalism: Is American literature different from the literature of other nations? 3. How do coif and time shape the authors’ deeds and our discretion of them?\r\nThis question addresses America as a location and the many ways in which place impacts American literature’s form and content. It can provoke discussion about how regionalism, geography, immigration, the frontier, and borders impact American literature, as well as the role of the lingo in indicating place. 4. What characteristics of a literary realise be corroborate made it influential over time? This question can be utilize to spark discussion about the evolving impact of various pieces of American literature and about how American writers used language twain to create art and respond to and call for change.\r\nWhat is the exclusive’s responsibility to uphold the community’s traditions, and when are singles compelled to resist them? What is the relationship among the individual and the community? 5. How are American myths created, challenged, and re-imagined by this literature? This question returns to â€Å"What is an American? ” But it poses the question at a cultural rather than individual level. What are the myths that make up American stopping point? What is the American Dream? What are American myths, dreams, and nightmares? How have these changed over time? T E L L I N G T H E S T O R Y O F A M E R I C A N \r\nL I T E R AT U R E 5 Contexts Another way that connections can be made across and between authors is done the five Contexts in each unit: three lasting Core Contexts and two shorter Extended Contexts. The goal of the Contexts is both to help you read American literature in its cultural punctuate and to teach you close-reading skills. Each Context consists of a brief account about an event, trend, or idea that had crabbed resonance for the writers in the unit as well as Americans of their era; questions that connect the Context to the authors in the unit; and a list of related texts and images in the Online Archive.\r\nExamples of Contexts include discussions of the concept of the divine revelation (3: â€Å"Utopian Visions”), the magisterial (4: â€Å"Spirit of Nationalism”), and baseball (14: â€Å" become Visible”). The Contexts can be used in conjunction with an author or as stand-alone activities. The Slide Show Tool on the Web site is ideal for d oing assignments that draw connections between archive items from a Context and a text you have read. And you can create your own contexts and activities development the Slide Show Tool: these materials can thusly be e-mailed, vie join online, projected, or printed out on bang transparencies.\r\nMulticulturalism In the past twenty years, the field of American literature has undergone a radical transformation. Just as the primary(prenominal)stream public has begun to understand America as more than diverse, so, also, have scholars moved to integrate more texts by women and ethnic minorities into the standard canon of literature taught and studied. These changes can be both exhilarating and disconcerting, as the width of American literature appears to be al intimately limitless.\r\nEach of the videos and units has been carefully balanced to pair canonical and noncanonical voices. You whitethorn find it helpful, however, to trace the development of American literature according to the stand up of different ethnic and minority literatures. The followers chart is designed to highlight which literatures are represented in the videos and the units. As the chart indicates, we have set different multicultural literatures in chat with one another. Literature African American literature television receiver Re debut.\r\n7: Slavery and freedom 8: regional Realism 10: Rhythms in poetry 13: Southern Renaissance 14: go Visible 15: Poetry of Liberation strike convey Representation 4: Spirit of Nationalism 5: virile Heroes 7: Slavery and liberty 8: regional Realism 9: complaisant Realism 10: Rhythms in Poetry 11: Modernist Portraits 13: Southern Renaissance 14: seemly Visible 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for individualism 6 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? Native American literature 1: Native Voices 5: male Heroes 14: Becoming Visible.\r\n1: Native Voices 2: Exploring Borderlands 3: Utopian reassure 4: Spirit of Nationalism 5: Mascu line Heroes 7: Slavery and Freedom 8: Regional Realism 14: Becoming Visible 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for individualism 2: Exploring Borderlands 5: Masculine Heroes 10: Rhythms in Poetry 12: unsettled Struggle 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for personal identity 9: summationy Realism 12: migrator Struggle 16: Search for identicalness 9: Social Realism 11: Modernist Portraits 14: Becoming Visible 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for Identity 1: Native Voices 2:\r\nExploring Borderlands 3: Utopian Promise 4: Spirit of Nationalism 5: Masculine Heroes 6: Gothic Undercurrents 7: Slavery and Freedom 8: Regional Realism 9: Social Realism 10: Rhythms in Poetry 11: Modernist Portraits 12: Migrant Struggle 13: Southern Renaissance 14: Becoming Visible 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for Identity 2: Exploring Borderlands 5: Masculine Heroes 10: Rhythms in Poetry 11: Modernist Portraits 12: Migrant Struggle 13: Southern Renaissance 14: Becoming Visible 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for Identity Latino literature 2:\r\nExploring Borderlands 10: Rhythms in Poetry 12: Migrant Struggle 16: Search for Identity Asian American literature 12: Migrant Struggle 16: Search for Identity Jewish American 9: Social Realism literature 11: Modernist Portraits 14: Becoming Visible 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for Identity Women’s literature 1: Native Voices 2: Exploring Borderlands 3: Utopian Promise 6:\r\nGothic Undercurrents 7: Slavery and Freedom 8: Regional Realism 9: Social Realism 11: Modernist Portraits 12: Migrant Struggle 13: Southern Renaissance 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for Identity intrepid and lesbian literature 2: Exploring Borderlands 5: Masculine Heroes 10: Rhythms in Poetry 11: Modernist Portraits 15: Poetry of Liberation 16: Search for Identity T E L L I N G T H E S T O R Y O F A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E 7 Literature cont’d Working-class literature Video Representation 2: Exploring Borderlands 4: Sp irit of Nationalism 5: Masculine Heroes 7: Slavery and Freedom 9: Social Realism 12: Migrant Struggle 16: Search for Identity\r\nStudy Guide Representation 2: Exploring Borderlands 4: Spirit of Nationalism 5: Masculine Heroes 7: Slavery and Freedom 9: Social Realism 10: Rhythms in Poetry 12: Migrant Struggle 14: Becoming Visible 15: Poetry of Liberation 16:\r\nSearch for Identity LITERATURE IN ITS CULTURAL CONTEXT When you playing area American literature in its cultural context, you enter a multidisciplined and multi-voiced conversation where scholars and tyros in different fields figure the same topic but ask very different questions about it. For example, how baron a literary critic’s understanding of 19thcentury American acculturation compare to that of a historian of the same era?\r\nHow can an art historian’s understanding of popular optical metaphors enrich our readings of literature? The materials presented in this section of the Study Guide aim to help y ou enter that conversation. Below are some winds on how to begin. Deep in the heart of the Vatican Museum is an exquisite marble statue from runner- or second-century Rome. Over seven feet high, the statue depicts a position from Virgil’s Aeneid in which Laocoon and his sons are punished for ideal the Trojans about the Trojan horse.\r\nTheir bodies are entwined with large, devouring serpents, and Laocoon’s face is turned upward in a dizzying portrait of anguish, his muscles rippling and bending beneath the glide’s strong coils.\r\nThe emotion in the statue captured the heart and eye of critic Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, who used the crap as the starting point for his seminal essay on the relationship between literature and art, â€Å"Laocoon: An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry. ” For Lessing, one of the most leafy vegetable errors that students of ending can make is to assume that all aspects of close develop in tandem with one another. As Lessing points out, each art has its own strengths.\r\nFor example, literature kit and boodle well with notions of time and story, and thus is more malleable than visual art in terms of inventive freedom, whereas delineation is a visual medium that can reach groovyer beauty, although it is static. For Lessing, the mixing of these two modes (temporal and spatial) carries corking risk along with rewards.\r\nAs you scan literature in conjunction with any of the fine arts, you whitethorn find it helpful to ask whether you agree with Lessing that literature is primarily a temporal art. Consider too the feature 8 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? strengths of the media discussed below. What do they offer that whitethorn not be gettable to writers?\r\nWhat modes do they use that complement our understanding of the literary arts? Fine tricks Albrecht Durer created some of the most disturbing plans known to humans: they are overriding with images of death, the end of the world, and recondite creatures that inhabit hell. Images such as The Last Judgement (below) can be found in the Online Archive.\r\nIn Knight, demolition, and the Devil (1513), a religious Christian knight is taunted by the Devil and Death, who gleefully shakes a quickly depleting hourglass, mocking the soldier with the go through of time. Perhaps the tension and anxiety in Durer’s print resonated with the American poet Randall Jarrell in his struggle with mental illness. In â€Å"The Knight, Death, and the Devil,” Jarrell consecrates with a description of the icon: Cowhorn-crowned, shock betokened, cornshucked-bearded, Death is a scarecrowâ€his death’s-head a pinnacle . . . Jarrell’s description is filled with adjectives in a great deal the same way that the print is crowded with detail. The poetry is an instance of what critics call ekphrasis: the verbal description of a work of visual art, usually of a painting, photograph, or sculp ture but sometimes of an urn, tapestry, or quilt.\r\nEkphrasis attempts to pair the gap between the verbal and the visual arts. ruseists and writers have always influenced one another: sometimes outright as in the case of Durer’s drawing and Jarrell’s poem, and other times indirectly.\r\nThe Study Guide will help you navigate through these webs of influence. For example, Unit 5 will introduce you to the Hudson River [7995] Albrecht Durer, The Last School, the great American grace painters Judgement (1510), courtesy of the of the 19th century. In the Context focusprint collection of Connecticut ing on these artists, you will learn of the interCollege, raw(a) London. connectedness of their visual motifs.\r\nIn Unit 11, William Carlos Williams, whose poems â€Å"The Dance” and â€Å"Landscape with the hail of Icarus” were inspired by two paintings by Breughel, will draw your attention to the use of ekphrasis. Williams’s work is a significant ex ample of how multiple traditions in art can influence a writer: in accessory to his interest in European art, Williams imitated Chinese landscapes and poetic forms. When you encounter works of fine art, such as paintings, photographs, or sculpture, in the Online Archive or the Study Guide, you may find two tools used by art historians helpful: positive outline and iconography. Formal L I T E R AT U R E I N I T S C U LT U R A L C O N T E X T 9 [3694]\r\nThomas Cole, The Falls of Kaaterskill (1826), courtesy of the Warner Collection of the disjunction States Paper Corporation, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. analysis, like close readings of poems, seeks to describe the reputation of the object without reference to the context in which it was created. A semiformal analysis addresses such questions as Where does the primaeval interest in the work lie?\r\nHow is the work composed and with what materials? How is lighting or shading used? What does the scene depict? What allusions (mythologica l, religious, artistic) are found in the work? Once you have described the work of art using formal analysis, you may penury to extend your reading by calling attention to the cultural climate in which the work was produced. This is called an iconographic reading.\r\n present the Context sections of the Study Guide will be serviceable. You may notice, for example, a number of nineteenth-century paintings of ships in the Online Archive. 1 of the Contexts for Unit 6 competes that these ships can be read as symbols for nineteenth-century America, where it was common to refer to the nation as a â€Å"ship of state. ”\r\nThe glowing light or wrecked hulls in the paintings reflect the artists’ alternating optimism and pessimism about where the young country was headed. Below are two possible readings of Thomas Cole’s painting The Falls of Kaaterskill that employ the tools of formal analysis and iconography. W R I T E R A : F O R M A L A N A L Y S I S\r\nIn this pa inting by Hudson River School artist Thomas Cole, the locomote that give the painting its digit grab our attention. The shock of the white falls against the grueling brightness of the rocks ensures that the waterfall will be the focus of the work. up to now amidst this brightness, however, there is darkness and mystery in the painting, where the falls emerge out of a dark quarry and crash down onto broken tree diagram limbs and staggered rocks. The descent is neither peaceful nor pastoral, unlike the presentation of personality in Cole’s other works, such as the Oxbow. The enormity of the falls compared to the lone human figure that perches above them also adds to the instinct of cause the falls embody.\r\nBarely recognizable as human because it is so minute, the figure still pushes anterior as if to embrace the cascade of the water in a painting that explores the tension between the individual and the power of character. W R I T E R B : I C O N O G R A P H Y I agree with Writer A that this painting is all about the power of character, but I would argue that it is about a particular kind of power: one that nineteenthcentury thinkers called the â€Å"sublime. ”\r\nCole’s portrait of the falls is particularly indebted to the aesthetic ideas formulated by Edmund Burke in the eighteenth century. Burke was kindle in categorizing aesthetic responses, and he distinguished the â€Å"sublime” from the â€Å"beautiful.\r\n” While the beautiful is calm and harmonious, the sublime is majestic, wild, and even blare. While viewers are soothed by the beautiful, they are overwhelmed, awestruck, and sometimes terrified by the sublime. Often associated with huge, consuming natural 10 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? phenomena like mountains, waterfalls, or thunderstorms, the â€Å"delightful terror” inspired by sublime visions was supposed to both remind viewers of their own in importation in the face of nature and immortal and inspire them with a sense of transcendence. Here the small figure is the object of our gaze even as he is obliterated by the grandeur of the water.\r\nDuring the nineteenth century, tourists often visited locales such as the Kaaterskill Falls in order to experience the â€Å"delightful terror” that they brought. This experience is also echoed in Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay â€Å"Nature,” in which he writes of his desire to become a â€Å" out-and-out(a) eyeball” that will be able to relieve the oversoul that surrounds him. The power that nature holds here is that of the divine: nature is one way we can experience higher(prenominal) realms. How do these readings differ? Which do you find more compelling and why? What uses can you see for formal analysis or iconographic readings? When might you choose one of these strategies over the other?\r\nHistory\r\nAs historian Ray Kierstead has pointed out, bill is not just â€Å"one damn thing after another”: rather, account is a way of telling stories about time or, some might say, making an argument about time. The Greek historian Herodotus is often called the father of explanation in the western world, as he was one of the first historians to notice patterns in world events.\r\nHerodotus motto that the course of empires followed a cyclical pattern of rise and fall: as one empire reaches its rosiness and self-destructs out of hubris (excessive pride), a new empire or new nations will be born to engender its place. Thomas Cole’s five-part series The cut of Empire (1833) mirrors this Herodotean notion of time as his scene moves from savage, to pastoral, to consummation, to devastation, to desolation.\r\nThis vision of time has been tremendously influential in literature: whenever you read a work write in the pastoral mode (literature that looks back with nostalgia to an era of rural life, lost simplicity, and a time when nature and gloss were one), as k yourself whether there is an implicit optimism or pessimism about what follows this lost rural ideal. For example, in Herman Melville’s South Sea novel Typee, we find the narrator in a Tahitian village.\r\nHe seeks to adjudicate if he has entered a pastoral or savage setting: is he surrounded by savages, or is he plunged in a pastoral seventh heaven? Implicit in both is a suggestion that there are earlier forms of civilization than the linked States that the narrator has left behind. Any structural analysis of a work of literature (an analysis that pays attention to how a work is ordered) would do well to consider what notions of accounting are embedded at heart.\r\nIn addition to the structural significance of biography, a dialogue between history and literature is crucial because much of the first literature of the United States can also be categorized as historical documents. It is helpful, therefore, to understand the genres of history. Like literature, history is comprised of different genres, or modes. Historian Elizabeth Boone defines the main traditional genres of history as res gestae, geographical, and annals.\r\nreticuloendothelial system gestae, or â€Å"deeds done,” organizes history through a list of accomplishments. This was a popu- L I T E R AT U R E I N I T S C U LT U R A L C O N T E X T 11 lar form of history for the ancient Greeks and Romans; for example, the autobiography of Julius Caesar chronicles his deeds, narrated in the third person.\r\nWhen Hernan Cortes and other explorers wrote accounts of their travels (often in the form of letter to the emperor), Caesar’s autobiography overhauld as their model. Geographical histories use travel through space to shape the narrative: Mary Rowlandson’s captivity narrative is an example of a geographical history in that it follows her through a sequence of twenty geographic â€Å"removes” into Indian country and back. Annals, by contrast, use time as the organizing principle.\r\nInformation is catalogued by year or month. Diaries and journals are a good example of this genre. These three genres can also be found in the histories of the Aztecs and Mayans of Mesoamerica and in those of the native communities of the United States and Canada.\r\nFor example, the migration legend, a popular endemical form of history, is a geographical history, whereas trickster tales often tell the early history of the world through a series of deeds. Memoirists also mix genres; for example, the first section of William Bradford’s Of Plimouth Plantation is a geographical history, whereas the second half is annals.\r\nToday the most common historical genres are intellectual history (the history of ideas), political history (the story of leaders), and diplomatic history (the history of foreign relations). To these categories we might add the newer categories of â€Å"social history” (a history of everyday life) and â€Å"gender history† (which focuses on the construction of gender roles).\r\nFinally, history is a crucial tool for understanding literature because literature is written inâ€and arguably often reflectsâ€a specific historical context. Readers of literary works can deepen their understanding by drawing on the tools of history, that is, the records populate leave behind: political (or literary) documents, townsfolk records, census data, newsprint stories, captivity narratives, letters, journals, diaries, and the like.\r\nEven such objects as tools, graveyards, or trading goods can tell us important information about the nature of everyday life for a community, how it worshipped or what it thought of the relationship between life and death. 12 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? temporal Culture [6332]\r\nArchibald Gunn and Richard Felton Outcault, New York Journal’s Colored Comic gear (1896), courtesy of the Library of sex act, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-25 531]. When you look at an object, it may call up associations from the past. For example, for the first-time viewer the clown around figure in the image above may seem innocuous, yet at the end of the nineteenth century his popularity was so intense that it started a newspaper war fierce enough to spawn a whole new term for sensationalist, irresponsible journalismâ€â€Å"yellow journalism. ” Objects such as this comic stick on constitute â€Å"material shade,” the objects of everyday life.\r\nIn Material Culture Studies in America, Thomas Schlereth provides the following useful definition of material culture: Material culture can be considered to be the totality of artefacts in a culture, the vast universe of objects used by humankind to cope with the physical world, to facilitate social intercourse, to delight our fancy, and to create symbols of meaning. . . . Leland Ferguson argues that material culture includes all â€Å"the things that people leave behind . . . all of the things people make from the physical worldâ€farm tools, ceramics, houses, furniture, toys, buttons, roads, cities. ” (2) When we study material culture in conjunction with literature, we wed two notions of â€Å"culture” and explore how they relate.\r\nAs critic John Storey notes, the first notion of culture is what is often called â€Å"high culture”â€the â€Å"general cultivate of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic factors”; and the second is â€Å"lived culture”â€the â€Å"particular way of life, whether of a people, a period or a group” (2). In a sense, material culture (as the objects of a lived culture) allows us to see how the accustomed intellectual ideas were played out in the chance(a) lives of people in a particular era.\r\nThus, as Schlereth explains, through studying material culture we can learn about the â€Å"belief systemsâ€the values, ideas, attitudes, and assumptionsâ€of a particular com munity or society, usually across time” (3). In reading objects as embedded with meaning, we follow Schlereth’s premise that â€Å"objects made or L I T E R AT U R E I N I T S C U LT U R A L C O N T E X T 13\r\nmodified by humans, consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, reflect the belief patterns of individuals who made, commissioned, purchased, or used them, and, by extension, the belief patterns of the larger society of which they are a part” (3). The study of material culture, then, can help us unwrap understand the cultures that produced and consumed the literature we read today. Thomas Schlereth suggests a number of useful models for studying material culture; his â€Å"Art History Paradigm” is particularly famous in that it will help you approach works of â€Å"high art,” such as paintings and sculptures, as well. The â€Å"Art History Paradigm” argues that the interpretive objective of examining the artifact is to â⠂¬Å"depict the historical development and intrinsic moral excellence” of it.\r\nIf you are interested in writing an â€Å"Art History Paradigm” reading of material culture, you might look at an object and ask yourself the following questions, taken from Sylvan Barnet’s Short Guide to Writing about Art. These questions apply to any art object: First, we need to know information about the artifact so we can place it in a historical context. You might ask yourself: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is my first response to the work? When and where was the work made?\r\nWhere would the work originally have been seen? What purpose did the work serve? In what condition has the work survived? (Barnet 21â€22) In addition, if the artifact is a drawing, painting, or advertisement, you might expect to ask yourself questions such as these: 1.\r\nWhat is the subject return? What (if anything) is happening? 2. If the double is a portrait, how do the furnishings and the background and the angle of the head or the posture of the head and body (as well as the facial expression) support to our sense of the subject’s character? 3. If the picture is a still life, does it suggest opulence or want? 4. In a landscape, what is the relation between human beings and nature? are the figures at shut up in nature, or are they dwarfed by it? Are they one with the horizon, or (because the viewpoint is low) do they stand out against the horizon and perhaps seem in touch with the heavens, or at least with open air?\r\nIf there are woodwind instrument, are these woods threatening, or are they an inviting place of refuge? If there is a clearing, is the clearing a vulnerable place or is it a place of refuge from dour woods? Do the natural objects in the landscape somehow reflect the emotions of the figures? (Barnet 22â€23; for more questions, see pp. 23â€24) Material culture is a rich and varied resource that ranges from kitchen utensils, to advertisements, to farmi ng tools, to clothing. Unpacking the significance of objects that appear in the stories and poems you read may help you better understand characters and their motives. 14 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ?\r\nArchitecture\r\nMost of the time we read the hidden meanings of twists without even thinking twice. Consider the structures below: in a higher place: [9089] Anonymous, Capitol Building at Washington, D. C. (1906), courtesy of Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress [LC-USZ62-121528]. Right: [6889] Anonymous, Facade of the Sam Wah’s Chinese Laundry (c. 1890 â€1900), courtesy of the Denver Public Library.\r\nEven if we had never seen either of these grammatical constructions before, it would not take us long to determine which was a government structure and which was a smalltown retail establishment. Our having seen thousands of buildings enables us to understand the purpose of a building from architectural clues.\r\nWhen first visual perc eption a work of architecture, it is helpful to unpack cultural assumptions. You might ask: 1. What is the purpose of this building? Is it public or private? What activities take place within it? 2. What features of the building reflect this purpose?\r\nWhich of these features are prerequisite and which are merely conventional? 3. What buildings or building styles does this building allude to? What values are native in that allusion? 4. What parts of this building are in general decorative rather than functional? What does the ornament or lack of it say about the spot of the owners or the people who work there? 5. What buildings surround this building?\r\nHow do they affect the way the building is entered? 6. What types of people live or work in this building? How do they interact within the space? What do these findings say about the relative social status of the occupants? How does the building design restrict or encourage that status?\r\n7. How are people supposed to enter an d move through the building? What clues does the building give as to how this movement should take place? L I T E R AT U R E I N I T S C U LT U R A L C O N T E X T 15 These questions imply two staple fiber assumptions about architecture: (1) architecture reflects and helps establish social status and social relations; and (2) architecture i\r\n'